Despite several decades of growing interest in the concept of neurolaw in English-speaking countries, it is only a recent area of focus in Latin America. The objective of this article was to facilitate evidence-informed public policy by examining the current state of neurolaw in Latin America. To achieve this goal, this systematic review summarizes published articles, books, and book chapters, and discusses seminal legal cases in order to identify the current state of neurolaw in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. In total, 61 publications were identified, with the majority coming from Mexico (n ¼ 17), Argentina (n ¼ 15), and Colombia (n ¼ 12). None of the published work identified presented empirical research, but many publications discussed complex topics such as criminal responsibility, free will, and neuroethics. The scant literature base and high concentration of publications emanating from three countries suggest that despite its growing impact abroad, more work is needed in this area in order to influence Latin America legislation and on the development of public policies. Future areas of research and policy related implications are discussed.

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Numerous studies have shown that emotion recognition is impaired in individuals with a history of violent offenses, especially in those diagnosed with psychopathy. However, in criminological contexts, there is insufficient research regarding the role of empathy and facial emotion recognition abilities of personnel employed in correction centers. Accordingly, we sought to explore facial emotion recognition abilities and empathy in administrative officers and security guards at a center for institutionalized juvenile offenders. One hundred twenty-two Mexican subjects, including both men and women, were recruited for the study. Sixty-three subjects were administrative officers, and 59 subjects were security guards at a juvenile detention center. Tasks included "Pictures of Facial Affect" and the "Cambridge Behavior Scale." The results showed that group and gender had an independent effect on emotion recognition abilities, with no significant interaction between the two variables. Specifically, administrative officers showed higher empathy than security guards. Moreover, women in general exhibited more empathy than men. This study provides initial evidence of the need to study emotion recognition and empathy among professionals working in forensic settings or criminological contexts.

In this article, we analyze the contributions of neuroscience to the development of the adolescent brain and shed additional light on the minimum age of criminal responsibility in the context of Latin America. In neurobiology, maturity is perceived to be complex because the brain's temporal development process is not uniform across all its regions. This has important consequences for adolescents' behavior; in their search for the acceptance of their peers, they are more vulnerable to pressure and more sensitive to stress than adults. Their affectivity is more unstable, and they show signs of low tolerance to frustration and important emotional reactivity, with a decrease in the capacity to self-regulate. Consequently, risky behavior presents itself more frequently during adolescence, and behaviors that transgress norms and social conventions typically peak between the ages of 17 and 19 years. However, only a small percentage of young offenders escalate their behavior to committing crimes during adulthood. In comparative law, there are considerable differences in Latin American countries' legal dispositions regarding the minimum age of criminal responsibility; Brazil, Costa Rica, and Ecuador regard the age of criminal responsibility to be 12 years, while Argentina accepts this to be 16 years. From a legal viewpoint, however, the debate about the minimum age of criminal responsibility is connected to other circumstances that, because they are still at a developmental stage, are attributed to adolescents' rights in their decisionmaking and understanding of autonomy (e.g., the minimum ages for voting, alcohol consumption, and medical consent). We argue that research on the development of the adolescent brain does not provide definitive answers about the exact age required for different juridical purposes. Nonetheless, the current state of knowledge does allow for reflection on the development and maturation of adolescents and the implications for considering them criminally responsible. It also validates demands for a system that provides adolescents with greater protection and that favors their healthy integral development. In any case, although a specific minimum age is not evident, this study is disposed not to recommend lowering the age of criminal responsibility, but rather increasing it.

ResumenEste artículo aborda los conceptos de Psicología Jurídica y sus sub-áreas, así como una breve revisión de su desarrollo histórico en torno a la reflexión de cuatro temas: las agremiaciones y congresos; la investigación y la publicación; la formación académica; y los procesos de acreditación y certificación profesional. Estos puntos se abordan teniendo en cuenta el contexto internacional, en general, y el hispano, en particular. Por último, se analizan los avances y desafíos de la Psicología Jurídica en Latinoamérica.Palabras clave: Psicología Jurídica, Psicología Forense, estado del arte, revisión, desarrollo. AbstractThis article deals with the concepts of Legal Psychology and its sub-areas. It also offers a brief review of its historical development along four main topics: (a) Organizations y congresses; (b) research and its publishing; (c) academic training; and (d) the processes *