Background Health care workers (HCWs) use their mobile phones during working hours or medical care. There is evidence that the instruments are colonized with pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we describe levels of Enterobacteriaceae contamination (EC) in cell phones and the risk factors associated with EC in Peruvian intensive care units (ICUs). Methods This was a 5-month cohort study among 114 HCWs of 3 pediatric and 2 neonatology ICUs from 3 Peruvian hospitals. A baseline survey collected data on risk factors associated with EC. Swabs were collected from HCWs’ phones every other week. Results Three-quarters of HCWs never decontaminated their phones, and 47% reported using the phones in the ICU >5 times while working. EC was frequent across samplings and sites and was substantially higher in subjects with longer follow-up. Potential risk factors identified did not have strong associations with positive samples (relative risk, 0.7–1.5), regardless of significance. Half of the phones were colonized with an Enterobacteriaceae at least once during the 4 samplings attained on average during the study period. Half of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 33% were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. Conclusions EC on HCWs’ phones was frequent and apparently randomly distributed through the hospitals without clear clustering or strongly associated risk factors for having a positive sample. Based on the level of EC, phones may be considered as potential bacterial reservoirs of MDR and ESBL bacteria.

Cell phones are contaminated with highly harmful bacteria and potentially can maintain them for prolonged periods of time. These devices could be considered as a potential source of nosocomial infections in ICUs.

In design and implementation of Alkali Surfactant Polymer (ASP) formulation for IOR processes, the inorganic alkali component acts as sacrificing agent avoiding the surfactant adsorption and decreasing the IFT. Nevertheless, as a part of this process there are some potential problems to be considered previously and during ASP injection processes such as: the ASP injection water should be softened to prevent scale formation that produces higher costs for water treatment, possible tubing corrosion problems and possible viscosity reduction. The effect of organic alkali on IFT, adsorption and viscosity has been previously focussed on comparing to the conventional inorganic alkali in these formulations. In those investigations, it was founded that organic alkalis are compatible with unsoftened waters and the rest of ASP slug components, reduce adsorption, minimize the surface equipment and the formation damage what reduces initial investment costs and greater project profitability. The objective of this study is to show the advantages and outcomes in applying an improved design of the current ASP formulation for the pilot project La Salina Field Maracaibo Lake, using an organic compound-surfactant-polymer (OCSP) formulation, which uses an organic compound as substitute for traditional inorganic alkali. In fact, fluid-fluid and rock-fluid compatibility laboratory tests, new chemical components concentrations, phase behavior study, IFT screening and porous media evaluations (adsorption and recovery factors) were performed in laboratory in berea cores. Linear corefloods displacements for La Salina LL-03 let to obtain the OCSP flood recovery and additional OOIP estimated of 22.2%. Finally, these results confirm the technical advantages of applying an optimized formulation using an organic agent for this field. Introduction The ASP technology is an enhanced oil recovery method which combines the synergetic effects of three components (alkali, surfactant and polymer) in order to improve the sweep efficiency to oil residual saturation. This effect is achieved with the reduction of the IFT from the injection of surfactants and alkaline solutions which also acts like sacrificing agent to diminish the adsorption of surfactant and polymer into the porous media. The polymer injection lets to increase the viscosity of ASP slug, which is fundamental to improve the volumetric sweep efficiency. There are numerous successful international experiences in the ASP technology application. Particularly, those in US and China fields represent the most emblematic experiences 1, 2, 3. La Salina Field, on the eastern coast of Maracaibo Lake in Venezuela, is ASP pilot project designated contemplating all different and crucial stages of this process: development of the corresponding optimal ASP formulation for LL-03/Phase III reservoir, numerical simulation model and design of an injection plant 4. An estimate of 19.0% was considered as the incremental recovery factor for reservoirs of Miocene with the injection of ASP according to previous studies to optimal ASP formulation. The area of Phase III has been subject to water injection project since 1987. The injection has been carried on by inverted seven spot well patterns. The ASP injection project contemplates to implant the technology in three arrangements initially. The subject tests development in this study corresponds to the first arrangement, where is located the well PB-734. The type of arrangement is a triangular form with a separation between wells of 150 mts aproximately. In the center of the triangle, a well injector of ASP and one observer are located. All these wells were completed with sensors of pressure and temperature of bottom. Figure 1 shows the area of study into the Phase III and the Table 1 lists the reservoir typical characteristics of the LL-03, La Salina.

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fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractIn design and implementation of Alkali Surfactant Polymer (ASP) formulation for IOR processes, the inorganic alkali component acts as sacrificing agent avoiding the surfactant adsorption and decreasing the IFT. Nevertheless, as a part of this process there are some potential problems to be considered previously and during ASP injection processes such as: the ASP injection water should be softened to prevent scale formation that produces higher costs for water treatment, possible tubing corrosion problems and possible viscosity reduction. The effect of organic alkali on IFT, adsorption and viscosity has been previously focussed on comparing to the conventional inorganic alkali in these formulations. In those investigations, it was founded that organic alkalis are compatible with unsoftened waters and the rest of ASP slug components, reduce adsorption, minimize the surface equipment and the formation damage what reduces initial investment costs and greater project profitability.The objective of this study is to show the advantages and outcomes in applying an improved design of the current ASP formulation for the pilot project La Salina Field Maracaibo Lake, using an organic compound-surfactant-polymer (OCSP) formulation, which uses an organic compound as substitute for traditional inorganic alkali. In fact, fluid-fluid and rock-fluid compatibility laboratory tests, new chemical components concentrations, phase behavior study, IFT screening and porous media evaluations (adsorption and recovery factors) were performed in laboratory in berea cores. Linear corefloods displacements for La Salina LL-03 let to obtain the OCSP flood recovery and additional OOIP estimated of 22.2%. Finally, these results confirm the technical advantages of applying an optimized formulation using an organic agent for this field.