Pinene (24.7% and 26.1%) and β-caryophyllene (12.3% and 13.9%) were the main constituents in the leaf oil and stem oil of Zingiber vuquangensis. On the other hand the root oil contained bornyl acetate (20.9%), zerumbone (14.1%) and α-humulene (9.6%) while β-pinene (19.6%), 1,8-cineole (15.6%), α-pinene (10.3%) and β-caryophyllene (10.4%) were the significant compounds of the fruit oil. The leaf oil Zingiber castaneum was dominated by β-pinene (30.6%), αpinene (9.5%), β-caryophyllene (9.4%) and bicycloelemene (9.1%). The compounds occurring in higher quantity in the stem oil were β-caryophyllene (14.7%), δ-cadinene (9.8%), bicycloelemene (8.4%) and α-cubebene (7.8%). However, camphene (15.1%), 1,8-cineole (13.6%), linalool (11.3%) and δ-3-carene (8.5%) were the main compounds of the root oil while (E)-nerolidol (23.2%), (Z)-9-octadecenamide (17.3%) and β-caryophyllene (10.8%) were the main constituents of the fruit oil. The essential oil did not exhibit noticeable antimicrobial effects. This is the first report on the volatile compositions of Z. vuquangensis and Z. castaneum.

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Essential oils of the leaves of 4 Vietnamese Zingiberaceae species were first obtained by hydro-distilled, and their chemical compositions were identified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry . β-Pinene (21.7%), sabinene (12.8%), and α-pinene (8.0%) were the main compounds in Wurfbainia tenella leaf oil. The essential oil of Hedydium villosum var. tenuifolium leaf was dominated by β-pinene (23.7%), β-caryophyllene (21.6%), and 1,8-cineole (14.0%). β-Pinene (27.4%), α-pinene (21.2%), limonene (12.1%), and myrcene (8.6%) were the characteristic components of Meistera sudae leaf oil, and β-pinene (32.8%) and ( E)-methyl cinnamate (15.8%) of Alpinia hongiaoensis leaf oil. The 4 oil samples exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] 27212), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12222), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25923), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 9763), Fusarium oxysporum (ATCC 48112), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 2601) at different levels. Especially, the leaf oil of M sudae showed strong activity against B subtilis, S aureus, and S cerevisiae with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 25.0 µg/mL.