Abstract:Biosolids are the treated organic residuals, also known as sewage sludge, which are generated from domestic wastewater treatment plants. It is an organic matter and nutrients [phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N)]-rich material. Due to these properties, it is has been reported to be a suitable fertilizer or soil amendment which can valuably replace synthesized NPK. Unfortunately, this matter is heavily loaded with inorganic pollutants, namely heavy metals which limit its land application. Here, we evaluated the quality of treated sewage sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in the republic of Benin; and assessed the eco-toxicological risks of heavy metals contamination and spreading related to the use of sludge as fertilizer in agriculture. Results revealed a slightly alkaline (pH ≥6.5) and high electrical conductivity (EC >4 mS cm −1 ) of the sludge. Heavy metals including Cd, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Mn contents were at high level: 27.1, 18.6, 777.1, 1271.7, 165.5, 297.0, 131.2, 3184.0 and 394.2 mg kg −1 DM, respectively. Further fractionation of metals showed high mobility of metals classified as follow: Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni > Fe > Mn > Co > Zn. As a consequence, although the sludge is rich in organic matter and phosphorous, its high value of EC and heavy metals contents, with high mobility do not favor its used in agriculture soils. In addition, metals were enriched in the sludge; meaning that anthropogenic sources, human activities greatly contributed to the accumulation of metals in the sludge.
RÉSUMÉLes sources de phosphore de la lagune de Porto-Novo (50 km 2 de superficie, située au sud-est du Bénin) sont de deux types : les apports diffus (principalement le ruissellement sur les terres cultivées) et les apports ponctuels (rejets industriels ou domestiques). Cette lagune est victime d'une pollution qui se justifie par le développement anarchique de la flore aquatique (eutrophisation). Objectifs : Étudier les différentes fractions biodisponibles du phosphore au niveau des sédiments de la lagune et les conditions de leur relargage dans la colonne d'eau. Méthodologies et résultats : Les eaux et sédiments de la lagune ont été prélevés en cinq (5) points différents et diverses analyses ont été effectuées. Le fractionnement du phosphore a été effectué par la méthode d'extraction séquentielle. Les résultats issus de nos analyses ont été traités avec le logiciel Microsoft Excel et interprétés. Les résultats du fractionnement du phosphore ont permis de constater que la fraction liée à la matière organique est la plus représentative (10612,73 µg-P/g soit 68,76% de la valeur moyenne du phosphore total), les autres fractions telles que, la fraction particulaire (P-Fe, P-Al, P-Ca) et celle facilement échangeable (P-labile) sont également présentes dans les sédiments prélevés mais à de faibles pourcentage. En moyenne, 58,85µg-P/g soit 0,38% pour le p-labile ; 20,97µg-P/g pour P-Fe, 35,42µg-P/g pour le P-Al et 2,67µg-P/g pour le P-Ca, soit respectivement 0,13%, 0,22%, 0,017% de la valeur moyenne du phosphore total. Ce pourcentage élevé de P-Org serait dû à l'utilisation des engrais organiques dans l'agriculture sur le bassin versant qui comporte la lagune, et à la présence de matières organiques animales et végétales, vivantes ou en voie de dégradation. En outre, l'effet de la variation du pH sur les échantillons ayant subi le fractionnement après 96 heures de remises en suspension révèle en général une augmentation des différentes fractions du phosphore donc un relargage de ces fractions dans la colonne d'eau (56,84% de P-Al est remobilisable, 96,11% pour le pCa, 80,72% pour le p-labile, 33,78% pour le P-Org). Conclusions et applications : Ces résultats pourraient servir de base aux politiques environnementales nationales et autres qui visent à protéger les lagunes côtières et les organismes qui y vivent. Mots clés : Biodisponibilité, mobilité, relargage, fractionnement, extraction séquentielle.Chouti et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2017 Biodisponibilité et mobilité du phosphore des sédiments de la lagune de Porto-Novo 11277Bioavailability and mobility of phosphorus in the sediments of the Porto-Novo Lagoon ABSTRACT Phosphorus sources in the Porto-Novo lagoon (50 km 2 of area, located in southeast Benin) are of two types: diffuse inputs (mainly runoff on cultivated land) and point sources (industrial or domestic). This lagoon is therefore the victim of pollution, which is justified by the radical development of the aquatic flora (eutrophication). Objective: To study the different bioavailable fractions of phosphorus in t...
Soil contamination has led to serious land tenure problems, reduction in land usability for agricultural production; as a consequence, food insecurity is nowadays a global challenge. Indeed, with rapid population growth across the world, the food demand for consumption has drastically increased and traditional ways of producing food cannot meet with the actual demand. Industrialization has been acknowledged as a way out to sustain humanity with food. Unfortunately, the later has further turn into a threat to the environment. In effect, several potentially toxic elements (PTE) are being released in the environment and soil systems; and arable or agricultural lands are getting restraint, limited and scarce. Nowadays, there is a consensus on remediating contaminated lands with PTE, mainly inorganic contaminants, metals. The state at which a metal is found in the soil greatly influences its bioavailability, interaction with plants and the level at which it will threaten (toxicity) the environment and thus human. It even defines the remediation approaches to be applied for the soil restoration. This chapter will provide an insight on the occurrence of PTE in the soil, bioavailability and remediation approaches namely phytoremediation, chemical leaching and electrochemical remediation; and finally highlight the future research direction on this topic.
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