The common understanding of e-learning has shifted over the last decade from the traditional learning objects portals to learning paradigms that enforces constructivism, discovery learning and social collaboration. Such type of learning takes place outside the formal academic settings (e.g., seminars or lectures) where a learning environment is created by using some kind of web application mashup tools. The use of these mashup tools moves the learning environment further away from being a monolithic platform towards providing an open set of learning tools, an unrestricted number of actors, and an open corpus of artifacts, either pre-existing or created by the learning process – freely combinable and utilizable by learners within their learning activities. However, collaboration, mashup and contextualization can only be supported through services, which can be created and modified dynamically based on middlewares to suit the current needs and situations of learners. This article identifies middlewares suitable for creating effective personal learning environment based on Web 2.0 mashup tools. This article also proposed a general framework for constructing such personal learning environments based on Ambient Learning realized by learning agents and the use of Enterprise Mashup servers

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AJAX applications provide new learning possibilities through its support to dynamic interaction, knowledge sharing, and collaboration. Developers should be weary of new insecurities introduced by these capabilities [1]. The mobile industry in particular has not made better use of AJAX because of the complexities involved dealing with open source XMLized documents such as SVGs. Such documents are becoming more and more popular for the mobile paradigm because of their ubiquity nature. However, security is a major obstacle for their wide usage since SVGs are XML in the end; a human readable text. This article describes the development of a prototype that enables Mobile AJAX to be used for the secure delivery of SVG-based learning documents between mobile learners. The prototype demonstrates how AJAX can be geared to a mobile environment by using the W3C XML Security standard. Our implementation of the XML security standard is achieved by using the lightweight Bouncy Castle API for the signing and authentication of SVG Tiny 1.2 documents on J2ME CLDC mobile learning environment.