Several lifestyle and dietary factors, in particular tobacco use, were related to bone mineral density. Effect sizes varied by site. Characterization of determinants of bone mineral density in midlife and thereafter may lead to interventions that could minimize postmenopausal bone loss and reduce osteoporotic fracture risk.

Patients using AEDs for > 2 years, in particular those taking enzyme-inducing AEDs and those older than 40 years, have significantly lower bone mineral density at clinically relevant fracture risk sites.