While the country has seen an increase in joint custody arrangements over the last two decades, many states still exercise a de-facto presumption of sole custody for one parent and "visitation" status for the other. However, during the last several years, evidence has mounted that sole custody/visitation arrangemenk create unnecessary and unwarranted victimization of non-custodial oarents. mand~arents. and children at the hands of the cuslodial p&ent. he pu&se of 'this paper is to present the evidence on this victimization, in concert with the evidence from selected advocacy group publications for non-custodial parents, in an effort to expand the current investigations to a broader ecologically based perspective which includes all emotionally relevant extended family members. Methodological concerns and directions for future research will be highlighted.The recent debate concerning postdivorce custody arrangements has largely focused on the suggested positive effects of joint custody vs. sole custody for children of divorce (Kelly, 1988;Schwartz, -~

She has a Master of Arts Degree in Education and Human Development specializing in Educational Technology Leadership. Her work focuses on projects that measure and assess student perceptions of learning related to their experiences with engineering course innovations. She has worked extensively in the design of assessment tools for course methods and activities. She is a faculty development consultant with previous experience in instructional design, and the instructor of the Graduate Assistant Seminar for training engineering teaching assistants at Penn State.