This study examines how, within the context of the expansion of the European Union, various multilevel factors circumscribe individuals' national and European identity. Focusing on the differential impact of new opportunities that Europeanization offers to people with different backgrounds, we propose hypotheses regarding the effects of individuals' geopolitical, ethnic, class, and national historical backgrounds on their national and European identity. Drawing on theories on sociopolitical identities, we hypothesize that minorities are more likely to identify with the European Union, but are less likely to identify with their nation and that more local lower-level geopolitical attachments can enhance broader higher-level ones. We also combine these individual-level arguments with macrolevel theories and examine the impact of country-level factors such as having a communist past, the duration of EU participation, and the levels of economic development and international integration. We test these hypotheses using ISSP survey data from 15 European countries for the years 1995 and 2003. Overall, the results support our predictions about minorities' identification patterns and about the reinforcing relationships between local and macro identities in general. Our macro-level analyses indicate different effects in postcommunist nations than in Western-democratic states, indicating widespread disillusionment with the European Union in postcommunist countries.

Instructors at non–research institutions are less able to expose their students to research firsthand. Utilizing human subject pools (HSPs) in class may be a solution. Given that HSPs tend to be used in introduction to psychology classes at research institutions, we examine a community college HSP to answer three questions: (1) Do community college students positively assess the educational value of HSP experience? (2) Can sociology students perceive HSP experience to be as educationally effective as psychology students? (3) Can online students perceive HSP experience to be as educationally effective as in-person students? Results indicate that not only did community college students hold positive evaluations of their HSP experience, but sociology and online students also felt they benefited as much as psychology or in-person students. HSPs were also considered particularly effective by students taking research methods. HSP participation may be a viable teaching tool for sociology instructors at non–research schools.

Background The epidemiology and treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) are changing. We have incorporated oral arsenic trioxide (oral-ATO) into induction/maintenance. Methods Newly-diagnosed APL from 1991 to 2021 divided into three 10-year periods were studied to define its epidemiology and how oral-ATO impacted on its outcome. Primary endpoints included APL incidence, early deaths (ED, first 30 days), and overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included post-30-day OS, relapse-free survival (RFS), and incidence of second cancers. Results APL occurred in 374 males and 387 females at a median age of 44 (1–97) years. Annual incidences increased progressively, averaging 0.32 per 100,000 people. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based and oral-ATO-based regimens were used in 469 and 282 patients. There were 144 EDs, occurring almost exclusively in ATRA-based inductions (N = 139), being more with males, age > 50 years, leucocyte > 10 × 109/L, diagnosis during 1991–2009 and fewer with oral-ATO-based regimens. After a median of 75 (interquartile range: 14–161) months, 5-year and 10-year OS were 68.1% and 63.3%, inferior with males, age > 50 years, leucocyte > 10 × 109/L, high-risk Sanz score and superior with oral-ATO-based regimens. Factoring out EDs, 5-year and 10-year post-30-day OS were 84.0% and 78.1%, inferior with males and superior with oral-ATO-based regimens. In 607 CR1 patients, the 5-year RFS was 83.8%, superior with diagnosis in 2010–2021 and oral-ATO-based regimens. Second cancers developed in 21 patients, unrelated to oral-ATO-based regimens. Conclusions There was an increasing incidence of APL, and all survivals were superior with the use of oral-ATO-based regimens. This study formed part of the Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia Asian Consortium Project (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04251754).

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate how organizational structure (i.e. centralized hierarchical vs decentralized egalitarian decision-making) can color leadership evaluations of equivalently positioned men and women independent of their actual leadership style. This study addresses three questions: Are men’s leadership abilities, in terms of competence, dominance and interpersonal skills, evaluated more positively than women when they lead a hierarchical company? Are men and women’s leadership abilities evaluated similarly when they lead an egalitarian company? Do organizational outcomes change these effects? Design/methodology/approach – The research performs an eight-condition online vignette experiment on American community college students. Findings – The findings suggest that organizational structure and outcomes influence how male versus female leaders are perceived. When leading a hierarchical company, male leaders not only gain more in perceived leadership ability when their company succeeds but are also less likely to lose legitimacy when their company fails. When leading successful egalitarian organizations, men and women’s leadership skills are thought to gain similar legitimacy, but when an egalitarian organization fails, perceptions of female leaders’ competence, status dominance and interpersonal skills drop more than those of men. Research limitations/implications – This study’s generalizablity is limited given the sample of participants and the context of the industry utilized in the vignette. Practical implications – This study suggests that women’s promotion into leadership can be impeded by the decision-making structure of the organizations they lead independent of their individual choice in management style. Women leaders face not only disadvantaged evaluations of their leadership abilities in hierarchical organizations but are also not unilaterally advantaged in egalitarian organizations. Originality/value – This paper highlights the need to theoretically examine how organizational structures fundamentally embed gender stereotypes.