Reading analysis was performed using the MNREAD App ©2017 1 (https://itunes.apple.com/ us/app/mnread/id1196638274?ls¼1&mt¼8) on an iPad7, iOS version 14.4.1.MNREAD was developed at the Minnesota Laboratory for Low Vision Research and was designed to assess aspects of reading, such as reading acuity (smallest print size that can be read without significant errors), critical print size (the smallest font size read at maximum speed), accessibility to printed material and maximum reading speed (maximum reading speed not limited by print size).Reading analysis can be performed for both normal polarity (black text on white background) and reverse polarity (white text on black background). Testing distance is input before the test is started and this can be varied depending on the visual acuity of the subject. A single sentence is displayed in the centre of the screen at the tap of a finger, which also starts the timer. Each sentence contains 60 characters and is comprised of high frequency words found in year two and year three reading material. The individual is asked to read the sentence out loud, as quickly and as accurately as possible. Once read, a finger tap on the screen stops the timer and a score screen is displayed with time taken. Additional sentences are then displayed at gradually reducing print sizes of 0.1 log units
The aim of this report was to analyze reaction times and accuracy in children with a vision impairment performing a feature-based visual search task using a multiverse statistical approach. The search task consisted of set sizes 4, 16, and 24, consisting of distractors (circle) and a target (ellipse) that were presented randomly to school-aged individuals with or without a vision impairment. Interactions and main effects of key variables relating to reaction times and accuracy were analyzed via a novel statistical method blending GAMLSS (generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape) and distributional regression trees. Reaction times for the target-present and target-absent conditions were significantly slower in the vision impairment group with increasing set sizes (p < .001). Female participants were significantly slower than were males for set sizes 16 and 24 in the target-absent condition (p < .001), with male participants being significantly slower than females in the target-present condition (p < .001). Accuracy was only significantly worse (p = .03) for participants less than 14 years of age for the target-absent condition with set sizes 16 and 24. There was a positive association between binocular visual acuity and search time (p < .001). The application of GAMLSS with distributional regression trees to the analysis of visual search data may provide further insights into underlying factors affecting search performance in case-control studies where psychological or physical differences may influence visual search outcomes.
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