The rise of temperature caused a significant gradual decrease in the mean pre-oviposition period of Anopheles phuvoensts Theob. the highest average being at 20" C with 50 "in R.1-I. The decreasing effect of the rise in relative humidity from 50 to 90 "/a on the pre-oviposition period was only significantly pronounced under the higher temperature of 26O and 30° C.The total number of blood-meals ingested per female proved to be greater at either 26" or 30" C with the rel. humidity of 90 OUin than with that of 50 "/n. The rise of temperature reduced the incubation period and increased the hatchability of the eggs. The females lived longer than the males. The temperature showed no direct effect on the male longevity.The rise in the relative humidity from 50 to 90 " / o under either of 20° or 26O C caused a significant increase in the mean longevity of the females.

This work was carried out to research the impact on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, some blood constituents and economic efficiency of the use of different levels of fenugreek seed powder (FSP) in growing Sasso chicks diet as a natural feed additive. A total of 120 unsexed Sasso broiler chicks, aged one day were divided into four care groups. There were three replicas of 10 birds each in each group. The 1 st group was fed a control diet, while the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th groups were fed a control diet plus 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5% powder of fenugreek seeds. In order to estimate certain biochemical parameters, a digestibility trail was carried out and blood samples were taken. Economic efficiency was measured for the different levels of fenugreek seeds used in the diet of Sasso broiler chicks. The obtained results showed that the use of 1% fenugreek seed powder in the diet of Sasso broiler chicks significantly enhanced live body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion, crude protein digestibility, dressing percentage, blood serum total protein and cholesterol. Moreover, birds fed a diet supplemented by 1.0% fenugreek seed powder, the highest values of economic efficiency and relative economic efficiency were reported.

his study aimed to evaluate the effect of different feeding levels on productive performance of growing buffalo heifers. Eighteen growing buffalo heifers (156 ±… days old and 110 ±… kg live body weight) were allocated randomly and equally to one of three treatments of 6 heads per each. Animals received their feeding allowance according to Kearl (1982) and the experiment was ended when the heifers reached to the first services: R1, 100% of the feeding allowances during the whole experimental period (control); R2, 80% of the feeding allowances to 300 kg body weight, then followed by 100% till the end of the experiment; and R3, 80% of the feeding allowances during the whole experimental period. Digestibility trials were conducted to determine the feeding values of the experimental rations. Results indicated that treatments (R2 and R3) during the first phase recorded the lowest values of digestibility coefficients, feeding values, total body weight gain and daily gain than those fed on control diet. When the heifers in (R2) received 100% during the second phase, an improvement in heifers performance were observed in comparison with those in R3 treatment that recorded the longest periods (P<0.05) of age at puberty and 1 st service compared to those in other treatments. Increasing the feeding level was significantly (P<0.05) affected of the all blood serum parameters. Total feed cost and return economic efficiency indicted that the animals fed R2 ration had the superior economic efficiency, followed by those in R3 and then R1 was ranked the last. It could be concluded that feeding the weaned buffalo heifers on 80% of their feeding allowances until 300 kg body weight, followed by 100% of the allowances was more beneficial for the productive and reproductive performance and economical efficiency of growing buffalo heifers under Egyptian condition.

Eighteen male and three female of Egyptian crossbred Friesian calves were chosen with average weight of 34.5±0.22 kg. Calves fed colostrum for the first three days, and then it fed whole cow milk (WCM) at 10% of LBW for seven days of age. Calves fed nursery starter (NSD) and grower starter diets (GSD) according to Kearl, (1982) during pre-and post-weaning. Calves subjected to the following treatments: T1, 100% WCM as (control), while, T2 and T3 were fed two milk replacer (MR) programs, and solids rate. The age at weaning was 105, 85 and 105 days, respectively. During pre-weaning, NSD recorded the lowest values in T1 than the other treatments and calves showed an increased in TBW and DG compared with those fed MR (T2 and T3). While the period of 15 days before weaning T2 was high in TBW and DG followed by T3 and the lowest values was in T1. Calves in T1 showed the better feed conversion than those in T2 or T3. From 15 days pre-weaning up to weaning, T2 was better in feed conversion. Early weaning in T2 program (85 d) resulted in higher (P<0.05) CF digestibility than those weaning at 105 days in T1 or T3 programs. Calves in T2 recorded the lowest values of LBW, TBWG, and DG than the other treatments. It could be conclude that, animals fed MR reached early weaning age which could help farmers to keep up the suckling calves that alleviate milk and beef shortage problem in Egypt.

his study was conducted to investigate the effect of different feeding levels on productive and reproductive performance and some body measurements of growing buffalo heifers during the period from first services up to ninetieth days of pregnancy. Eighteen buffalo heifers at the first services were divided into three treated groups (6 heifers each) and received their feeding allowance according to Kearl, (1982) in which animals in group one (R1) fed 100% of their allowances up to the end of the experiment (control) and those in group two (R2) fed 80% of the allowances until heifers grow up to 300 kg, and then fed 100% of the allowances up to the end of the experiment, while those in the third group (R3) fed 80% of the allowances during the whole experimental period. Average age of heifers at first service was 517.3, 571.7 and 594.7 days old and live body weight were 347.8, 339.3 and 349.0 kg for R1, R2 and R3, respectively. Results indicated that heifers fed 80% of the allowance (R3) recorded the lowest values in most of nutrient digestion coefficients and feeding values (TDN and CP%) in comparison with the other experimental groups, while CF digestibility had the inverse trend. Also, animals in R3 recorded the lowest (P<0.05) blood constituents and oldest ages at first service and conception than those in other experimental groups. Heifers fed 100% of the allowance (R1) recorded the higher body condition score than those in the experimental groups. There were significant differences between heifers in both R1and R2 in comparison with those in R3 respecting the most of growth performance parameters and animals in both groups (R1 and R2) were significantly better than those in R2. However, Heifers fed 80% of the allowance (R3) had a better (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio expressed as the amount of intake of DM, TDN or CP than those in R1 and R2 groups. Interval from puberty to the first service or to conception was significantly shorter for heifers in R2 than those in R1 and R3 groups. Number of oestrous cycles from Puberty to the first service or to the conception was significantly the lowest with heifers in R1 followed by those in R2 then the highest values were recorded with those in R3 group. It could be concluded that feeding growing buffalo heifers at first service on (R2) had more beneficial effect on heifers' reproductive performance, indicating positive reflection on the subsequent first lactation season of primiparous cows under Egyptian condition.