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The neutron diffraction properties of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) are reviewed using experimental results that have been obtained by diffraction of high-energy gamma rays, X-rays and neutrons. The interpretation of the empirical data based on diffraction theory leads to generic diagrams that display the performance of HOPG as a function of crystal thickness, mosaic spread and neutron wavelength. The analysis of the relation between the defect structure and diffraction properties demonstrates the usefulness of a detailed X-ray diffraction study to maximize the efficiency of composite neutron monochromators and analyzers. The optimization procedure is illustrated by the configuration of a double-focusing monochromator.

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