Usage of any items from the University of Cumbria's institutional repository 'Insight' must conform to the following fair usage guidelines.Any item and its associated metadata held in the University of Cumbria's institutional repository Insight (unless stated otherwise on the metadata record) may be copied, displayed or performed, and stored in line with the JISC fair dealing guidelines (available here) for educational and not-for-profit activities provided that• the authors, title and full bibliographic details of the item are cited clearly when any part of the work is referred to verbally or in the written form• a hyperlink/URL to the original Insight record of that item is included in any citations of the work • the content is not changed in any way• all files required for usage of the item are kept together with the main item file. You may not• sell any part of an item• refer to any part of an item without citation • amend any item or contextualise it in a way that will impugn the creator's reputation• remove or alter the copyright statement on an item.The full policy can be found here. Alternatively contact the University of Cumbria Repository Editor by emailing insight@cumbria.ac.uk. Island residents, southern Alaska residents, and eastern Kamchatka residents. We tested 37 predictions about call variation across populations which are due to an accumulation of random 38 errors and innovations by vertical cultural transmission. Call frequency contours were extracted 39 and compared using a dynamic time-warping algorithm. We found that the diversity of 40 monophonic calls was substantially higher than the diversity of biphonic calls for all populations. 41 Call diversity in the NorthRepertoire diversity appeared to be related to the population size: in larger populations, 42 monophonic calls were more diverse and biphonic calls were less diverse. We suggest that the 43 evolution of both monophonic and biphonic calls is caused by an interaction between stochastic 44 processes and directional selection, but the relative effect of directional selection is greater for 45 biphonic calls. Our analysis revealed no direct correlation between call repertoire similarity and 46 geographical distance. Call diversity within pre-defined call categories -types and subtypes -47 showed a high degree of correspondence between populations. Our results suggest that dialect 48 evolution is a complex process influenced by an interaction between directional selection, 49 horizontal transmission and founder effects. We suggest several scenarios for how this might 50 have arisen and the implications of these scenarios for call evolution and population history. 51Keywords: dialect, killer whale, acoustic repertoire, evolution, call type. in vocal repertoires is common among both bird and mammalian populations (e.g., Krebs & 61 Kroodsma 1980;Slobodchikoff et al. 1998; Mitani et al. 1999). In this study we examined geographical variation in monophonic and biphonic calls 140 among four resident populations from the North Pacific Ocean...

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Many social animals have cultural traditions that may shape their societies while the social structure can in turn influence how the culture is acquired. Killer whales possess culturally transmitted dialects. The divergence of dialects was thought to occur simultaneously and consistently with the gradual fission of matrilines. In this paper we compare the social associations across matrilineal units, Bayesian phylogeny of dialects and similarity of particular syllables to test whether dialects affect social structure and whether associations or common origin define similarity of call types. We found that neither phylogeny of dialects nor similarity of syllables was correlated to associations between matrilineal units, but similarity of syllables was correlated to phylogeny of dialects for four of the six syllables analysed. The complexity and fluidity of social ties between matrilineal units and the variation in cultural transmission patterns produce a complex relationship between the social network and the socially learned vocalizations.

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