Colorectal cancer screening is an important screening to detect colorectal cancer. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the knowledge, practice and its associated factors of colorectal cancer screening among private general practitioners (PGPs) in Northeast Peninsular Malaysia. Crosssectional study was conducted involving 127 PGPs in Kelantan. The study used a validated selfadministrated questionnaire that contained three domains. The domains were sociodemographic, knowledge and practice of colorectal cancer screening. The inclusion criterion was doctors working in a private clinic for more than six months, while the exclusion criteria were non-residential doctors and doctors practicing in private specialised clinics. Only 21.3% of PGPs had good knowledge and 3.9% had good practice on colorectal cancer screening. The duration of practice as a PGP was significantly associated with good practice for colorectal cancer screening. Only 58.3% were aware of the current recommendation on colorectal cancer screening. Most PGPs would refer patients for a colonoscopy, but screening with faecal occult blood test (FOBT) in average-risk patients was low. Only 4% of PGPs followed the recommended guidelines for colorectal cancer screening. The main reasons for not offering FOBT screening were patients’ refusal, patients were not regular patients of the doctor and the referral system for colonoscopy was found to be difficult. This study noted that knowledge and practice of colorectal cancer screening among PGPs were inadequate. Overcoming barriers for screening is important to promote colorectal cancer screening.

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a waste material and generally disposed to open fields causing environmental pollution problems to the land and the air. Due to its abundance and high pozzolanic characteristics, it is highly potential to be used as civil engineering construction materials such as partial sand replacement in concrete. This paper presents the investigation of POFA as partial sand replacement in concrete. In doing so, two method of mixing processes were used namely powder and liquidation methods. The POFA was added in the concrete mix at various dosage levels of 0 %, 5 % and 10 % by weight of sand. Two types of testing were carried out; slump test for workability of fresh concrete identification and compressive strength test for strength identification of the hardened concrete cubes. The compressive strength test was carried out at 3, 7 and 28 days. The results from two different methods of mixing process were analysed, compared and discussed. From the results show that additional of 10 % of POFA by weight of sand is able to increase the strength of concrete at 28 days compared to other dosage levels. Hence, the POFA is given positive impact to be used as sustainable material in construction industry.

This study investigated the performance of the properties of foamed concrete in replacing volumes of cement of 10%, 15% and 20% by weight. A control unit of foamed concrete mixture made with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and 10%, 15% and 20% silica fume was prepared. Three mechanical property parameters were studied such as compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile of foamed concrete with different percentages of silica fume. Silica fume is commonly used to increase the mechanical properties of concrete materials and it is also chosen due to certain economic reasons. The foamed concrete used in this study was cured at a relative humidity of 70% and a temperature of ±28°C. The improvement of mechanical properties was due to a significant densification in the microstructure of the cement paste matrix in the presence of silica fume hybrid supplementary binder as observed from micrographs obtained in the study. The overall results showed that there is a potential to utilize silica fume in foamed concrete, as there was a noticeable enhancement of thermal and mechanical properties with the addition of silica fume.