No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Forty-eight soil samples taken from twelve different locations in Kuwait City and the Jahra area were used in four series of drained and undrained triaxial compression tests using multistage and conventional test techniques on undisturbed and remolded specimens. Classification tests indicated that the Kuwaiti soil is predominantly sandy with various content of fines. The fines content includes silt and clay, and also clay-size particles of calcareous and gypsiferous matter. Strength test results indicated that the cohesion and angle of friction determined from both techniques are in agreement and hence the multistage principle can be applied to determine the shear strength parameters of Kuwaiti soils. Specific recommendations on applying the multistage technique on cemented soils, occasionally encountered in Kuwait, are also included.

Groundwater has been declining in Bangladesh since introduction of deep tube wells (DTWs) and shallow tube wells (STWs) in late 1970s. Seasonal variation of groundwater has been shifted upto 4 meters during last 34 years. During Boro seasons groundwater table dropped drastically than other seasons. This study hypothesized that groundwater extraction is much higher than the natural recharge plus percolated irrigated water. Farmer´s perception is that if they dig deeper the supply would not be a problem, which led uncontrolled use of shallow tube wells (STWs) to extract water from lowered zones. This study selected an area that is 20 km away from Dhaka city having intensive Boro production. Analyzing the interview data (to know about the practices by farmers at present and before) and Bangladesh Water Development Board groundwater table data, we tried to simulate the problematic scenario with the help of simulation software called iThink. To address the problem 3 different policies have been investigated to achieve sustainable solution of the problem. The chosen policies were-(1) Harnessing only groundwater; (2) Alternative cropping; and (3) Depending more to surface water. The simulation results show that alternative cropping and going for surface water could solve the problem as well as able to restore the groundwater to its previous condition. But moving to surface water is a passive solution independent to farmers´ decision. Understanding the problem of groundwater declination by farmers was not so apparent. Farmers never thought of possibility of restoring groundwater table. The study suggested that alternative crop cultivation by replacing Boro rice would be the best sustainable solution not only to halt groundwater declination but also to restore the groundwater table. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD I ABSTRACT II TABLE OF CONTENTS III 1. INTRODUCTION 24 5.3.2 behavior testing 5.4 POLICY 3: Maximize surface water use 25 5.4.1 goal of this policy 5.4.2 background of the policy 5.4.1 Design of policy 3 5.4.2 Behavior testing 6. IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Social feasibility 27 6.1.1 summary 6.2 Economic feasibility 28 6.2.1 summary 6.3 Technological feasibility 29 6.3.1 summary 6.4 Comparison of policies and challenges 30 6.5 Sustainability 31 7. CONCLUSION 7.1 Limitations of the study 32 7.2 Useful findings 32 7.3 Prospective future 33