One of the main criteria which determine the possibility of the use of a particular type of ice-melter reagents (IMR) is the degree of their safety for the environment and human health, which is reflected in the establishment of safe doses and concentrations. In this regard, the current area of research is to improve the ecological and epidemiological principles of risk assessment of modern types of anti-icing agents. Currently available data concerning monitoring soil studies and the snow held in various cities of Russia, show that there is a process of accumulation of the main components of IMR - sodium and chlorine ions in the areas related to the roadway. The article is designated a problem of existing methodological approaches to the assessment of the phytotoxic impact in the investigation of anti-icing agents in the laboratory. There was executed the comparative characteristics of the results of the preliminary pilot studies on the phytotoxic properties of IMR under using different substrates for germination of seeds - soil and filter paper. The data obtained are characterized by differences in the degree of phytotoxic action of the same species depending upon ice-melter reagents methodical setting circuit laboratory experiment. As a result, there was shown the imperfection of the existing method of rapid analysis in relation to ice-melter materials (IMM).

In the paper there are considered methodological issues for the evaluation of soil biota in terms of oil pollution. Experimental studies have shown that under the exposure of a various levels of oil pollution meeting certain gradations of the state and optimal alteration in microbocenosis in sod-podzolic soils, there is occurred a transformation of structure of the complex of micromycetes and the accumulation of toxic species, hardly typical for podzolic soils - primarily represantatives of the genus Aspergillus (A.niger and A. versicolor), Paecilomyces (P.variotii Bainer), Trichoderma (T.hamatum), the genus of phytopathogens Fusarium (F.oxysporum), dermatophytes of genus Sporothrix (S. schenckii) and dark-colored melanin containing fungi of Dematiaceae family. Besides that there are presented data on the study of microbiocenosis of the urban soil, the urban soil differed from the zone soil, but shaped in similar landscape and climatic conditions, and therefore having a tendency to a similar response from the side of microorganisms inhabiting the soil. Isolated complex of soil microscopic fungi is described by many authors as a complex, characteristic for soils of megalopolises. This allowed authors of this work to suggest that in urban soils the gain in the occurrence of pathogenic species micromycetes also increases against a background of chronic, continuously renewed inflow of petroleum hydrocarbons from various sources of pollution. Because changes in the species composition of micromycetes occurred in accordance with the increasing load of oil, so far as microscopic soil fungi can be recommended as a bioindicator organisms for oil. In the article there is also provided information about the distinctive features of modern DNA identification method of soil microscopic fungi and accepted in our country methodology of isolation of micromycetes with the use of a nutrient Czapek medium.

There were identified priority pollutants in water of the Moscow river below the city (petroleum products, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper; anionic surfactants), which can affect the natural microbiocenosis of surface water. The presence in surface waters heavy metals - cadmium in a concentration of 4 MPC for fishery purposes, of lead at a concentration of 5 MPC for fishery purposes, oil at a concentration of 49 MPC, zinc at a concentration of 10 MPC for fishery purposes, anionic surfactants at the concentrations below the MPC, and also at excess of MPC by 5 times for chlorides, nitrites and nitrates to a large extent was established to affect the viability of indicator bacteria - coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, while maintaining in the water of pathogenic bacteria - Salmonella and parasitic pathogens living Entamoebae spp. and cystic viable vegetative forms of pathogenic protozoa Flagellata spp. and viable helminth eggs Larvae spp.

В статье обоснована актуальность подбора оптимального метода химического анализа атмосферного воздуха с целью идентификации и количественного определения компонентов солей, входящих в состав противогололедных материалов (ПГМ), применяемых в настоящее время в г. Москве в зимний период. Проведена оценка химического состава различных видов ПГМ материалов и выбраны индикаторные ионы для анализа. Приведены результаты собственных экспериментальных исследований по анализу проб атмосферного воздуха, отобранных в зимний период в г. Москве, с использованием различных поглотительных устройств и методов химического анализа (ионная хроматография, масс-спектрометрия с индуктивно-связанной плазмой). Выявлены ограничения использования современных аспираторов в условиях отрицательных температур в зимний период. Показано, что уровень содержания ионов натрия и хлора в атмосферном воздухе г. Москвы значительно превышает соответствующие фоновые показатели природного происхождения. Подчеркнута необходимость продолжения исследований в данном направлении в целях совершенствования подхода к выбору оптимального метода химического анализа и способов отбора проб, что имеет важное значение с точки зрения снижения негативного воздействия ПГМ на окружающую среду и здоровье населения. The paper outlines the relevance of choosing an optimal method for atmospheric air chemical analysis, capable to provide an appropriate identification and quantification of salts ingredients that make up the major part of deicing materials (DMs), currently used in winter period in Moscow. Chemical composition evaluation of various types of DMs has resulted in selection of indicator ions for subsequent analytical procedures. The authors’ own experimental data on analyzing atmospheric air samples collected in winter in Moscow using various absorption devices and chemical analytical methods (i.e. ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) are presented. A series of limitations of applying modern aspirators under conditions of sub-zero winter temperatures are revealed. Sodium and chlorine ion levels in the atmospheric air of Moscow are found to be significantly higher than the corresponding background level of natural origin. An urgent necessity to continue research in this area has been emphasized with the focus on improving the approach for selection of the optimal method for chemical analysis and sampling procedures, which is highly important in terms of reducing a negative impact of DMs on public health and environment.