Mixed halide perovskite compounds with the formula AMX 3 (A þ ¼ CH 3 NH 3 (MA)/HC(NH 2) 2 (FA)/Cs/Rb; M 2þ ¼ Pb, Sn; X À ¼ Cl, Br, I) have emerged as a potential material for fabrication of next-generation solar cells with high photovoltaic performance. [1] A recent study has shown that perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be fabricated with a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.5% with Pb as the divalent metal in the compound. [2] Unfortunately, the presence of toxic Pb remains questionable for largescale production. Fortunately, Sn, which is located above Pb in group IV of the periodic table of elements, is a promising candidate for harmless photovoltaic applications. Compared to Pb, Sn is less toxic and can form perovskite compounds with various cations. Sn-based perovskite compounds possess fascinating properties for solar cell applications, such as a narrower bandgap, a lower exciton binding energy, a high charge carrier mobility, and a slightly smaller radius than Pb 2þ , which allows for the replacement of Pb by Sn while retaining the perovskite structure. Notably, the Sn-perovskite materials possess an optimal bandgap for solar cell applications between 1.1 and 1.4 eV and can be decomposed to nontoxic materials such as Sn II oxide (SnO 2). [3] However, fabricating high-quality Sn-based perovskite films is still unmanageable due to the lack of a basic understanding of the Sn II compounds. Such lacking hinders the potential realization of the corresponding film properties, such as surface morphology, pinhole-free layer formation, and low crystallinity. Until now, the most successful of the Sn-PSCs have been fabricated with FASnI 3 as the absorber layer.

Over the past few decades, nanostructured conducting polymers have received great attention in several application fields, including biosensors, microelectronics, polymer batteries, actuators, energy conversion, and biological applications due to their excellent conductivity, stability, and ease of preparation. In the bioengineering application field, the conducting polymers were reported as excellent matrixes for the functionalization of various biological molecules and thus enhanced their performances as biosensors. In addition, combinations of metals or metal oxides nanostructures with conducting polymers result in enhancing the stability and sensitivity as the biosensing platform. Therefore, several methods have been reported for developing homogeneous metal/metal oxide nanostructures thin layer on the conducting polymer surfaces. This review will introduce the fabrications of different conducting polymers nanostructures and their composites with different shapes. We will exhibit the different techniques that can be used to develop conducting polymers nanostructures and to investigate their chemical, physical and topographical effects. Among the various biosensors, we will focus on conducting polymer-integrated electrochemical biosensors for monitoring important biological targets such as DNA, proteins, peptides, and other biological biomarkers, in addition to their applications as cell-based chips. Furthermore, the fabrication and applications of the molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors will be addressed in this review.

In this study, we report a new BODIPY-based design, called the cross-conjugated design, that takes advantage of the α- and β-position functionalization of the BODIPY core.

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