This paper presents a practical approach toward cost optimization of a thermal recovery project in a heavy oil green field in Kuwait. This objective is achieved by understanding total cost breakdown for Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operating Expenditure (OPEX) for all assets (natural and physical) during the economic horizon of the project and the identification of root causes of cost drivers that cause the total cost to increase, potential project delay and poor performance. Complex cause and cost effect relationships are visualized using causal maps and loss causation models for seven most important group of risks during field life cycle. Uncertainties are addressed by comparison with analog fields undergoing Cyclic Steam Stimulation and Steamflood. One-way sensitivity analyses and stochastic modeling of key cost drivers solve a critical uncertainty, lack of OPEX data during commercial operations. Other application includes assessment of risks affecting total cost per barrel and selection of best strategy for risk mitigation with their costs and benefits. A work vs. total undiscounted cost breakdown structure showed the 12 most critical cost drivers, where 70% corresponds to OPEX and 30% to CAPEX, fuel for steam flooding being the highest with 55%. A map with 17 elements was analyzed for associated physical assets, 2 causation maps describes 14 causes of total costs for surface and subsurface, including identification of key uncertainties and risks. Seven most significant groups of risks (total 66 risks) were modeled to visualize the impact on cost, people (health & safety) and environment with all mitigation actions ranked by cost benefit. Understanding causes of high cost per barrel and their relationship with uncertainties and risks for a green heavy oil field, is a formidable tool for multidisciplinary cost optimization as it provides a common language that is understood by all disciplines involved.

TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractAn extended welltest was successfully performed on a deep, sour, high-pressure, high temperature remote onshore appraisal well using a permanent downhole monitoring system. Prior to the six-month extended test an initial test and stimulation treatment was performed on the well. The permanent monitoring system provided continuous pressure, temperature and rate measurement data in a technically challenging completion environment. Complete and accurate data was obtained on-line for performance monitoring, reservoir simulation and analytical test analysis. Unforeseen completion challenges and wellbore restrictions would have resulted in alternative conventional data collection methods yielding severely restricted data suites and test results.

World class oil and gas operating companies apply supply chain management to minimize the risks of investment costs overrun, delays and future higher operating costs of field development projects. Supply chain is a cross-functional approach to plan the flow of goods and services required by a project, based on its front end loading (FEL) specifications, in order to meet business objectives with a successful execution and total satisfaction of the final customers. This paper presents lessons learnt from modeling the supply chain of a steam-based thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) heavy oil field development project in Kuwait. A critical building block of a supply chain model is the supply-demand matrix, which is prepared using information about the needs of the steam-based thermal EOR assets (natural and physical) and identification of requirements organized in segments, around capital, technology or manpower categories. A preliminary identification was made about local capabilities to meet these requirements. A work breakdown structure from the front-end engineering design was used to generate a supply-demand matrix with materials including special needs such as energy, water and logistics. The model allows the identification of critical requirements and the information to design alternate options to reduce the risk of lack of supply. One practical result is a map with all required suppliers classified according to the type of goods or services, and the specifications or scope of work for selecting a contracting strategy. Supply chain modeling provides a best practice to meet the demand of goods and services of complex heavy oil steam-based thermal enhanced oil recovery projects. It would help to guide the process of building capabilities in Kuwait oil industry for this type of recovery technologies, which will play a critical role in long-term business strategy.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara kinerja guru dengan prestasi belajar siswa SMA 1 Muhammadiyah Palangka Raya. Populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh guru yang mengajar pada kelas XII IPS II sejumlah 15 orang, yang selanjutnya ditetapkan sebagai sampel total. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket/kuisioner. Analisis data menggunakan korelasi Spearman dengan bantuan aplikasi IBM SPSS versi 20. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kinerja guru dengan hasil belajar siswa kelas XII di SMA 1 Muhammadiyah Palangka Raya.  Abstract: This study aims to determine the relationship between teacher performance and student achievement at SMA 1 Muhammadiyah Palangka Raya. The population in this study were all 15 teachers who taught in class XII IPS II, which were then designated as the total sample. Data analysis used Spearman correlation with the help of the IBM SPSS version 20 application. The results showed that there was a relationship between teacher performance and student learning outcomes in class XII in SMA 1 Muhammadiyah Palangka Raya.