Despite the importance of the international tourist demand and affected extent by daily changes of exchange rate, there are a few and inadequate studies that have addressed the measurement of the impact of exchange rate change on the international tourism demand for Egypt. therefore, this study aims to measure the effect of the Egyptian pound Exchange Rate change on the international tourist demand to Egypt from 2010 to 2017.For this purpose, field researches conducted using questionnaires for sample of international tourists and interviews with tourism and Economic experts. This study is based on an exploratory approach to achieve its goals. The main results of this study indicate that there is some countries are affected by the change of the Egyptian Pound exchange rate and others who are not affected by it. It was found that the most sensitive countries to changes of Egyptian Pound exchange rate are Russia, China and India. In contrast, USA and Germany are the less sensitive countries to the changes of Egyptian pound exchange rate. In addition, there is an inverse relationship between the international tourist demand to Egypt and the change of the exchange rate. When the floating system for the Egyptian pound exchange rate was applied, it reduced the value of the Egyptian pound exchange rate in 2016. It also resulted in an increase in the number of international tourists, to 8.3 million tourists in 2017 compared to 5.4 million tourists in 2016. Moreover, the Tourism revenues were about 7.6 billion in 2017, compared to 2.6 billion in 2016. Besides applying the floating system for the Egyptian pound exchange rate which led to the increase in the international tourist demand, there were other factors that led to these increases such as political stability in Egypt.

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Decision Making Process PESTEL FrameworkEmployees" Participation Egypt Air AirlinesThe decision-making process is one of the most important issues in the lives of individuals, groups, and organizations, it is a human function that requires a great deal of intellectual and emotional energy, which prompted researchers to study the decision-making process in its various aspects and dimensions. This research attempt to examine the impact of the demographic variables of employees on recognizing the decision-making process in EGYPTAIR Airlines. This research pertains to the descriptive methodology with a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and the agreement level ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The researchers used frequencies, a One-way ANOVA test, and independent sample T-test statistics. The sample of the research consisted of 447 employees and managers in EGYPTAIR Airlines' sectors of commercial affairs, air hospitality, air operations, and the departments of air hospitality, hospitality training, product promotion, stations, customer service, marketing, and sales. It was found that qualification levels matter in decision-making, while gender, job experience levels, and income levels had no significant influence. In general, three out of four hypotheses were supported by the research. The researchers recommend that the administration of EGYPTAIR Airlines should organize workshops about cognitive skills to increase the consciousness of organizational decision-making.

The quantitative distribution of AVM into three distinguished vapor endmembers is lacking in the literature. This work fills such a gap. The isotope ratio, δ18OL, of rainwater in Winter, and artificial condensates in Summer, gave the 18OV contents of the AVMs at temperature-dependent equilibrium, downtown Cairo city, Nile Delta apex. We used our models, TIMAM, CLAW, and SIGNALS to process the δ18OV and the commensurate S values in several AVM data sets for determining the percent and mass contributions of three moisture origins and their temporal waveforms. The proportions revealed the Marine vapor dominance, followed by Evapotranspiration contribution. By far, the free Troposphere source showed a slight input. The quota of each constituent manifests a delayed waveform vs. the δ18OV influx, which shows a diurnal peak and a nocturnal tunnel. The moderate ET percent inputs in Winter, and by daytime, impose significant AVM 18O enrichment. In contrast, the high Maritime vapor inputs in Summer, and by night, stand behind the depleted AVM 18O content. The relationship between the mass input of each source and the AVM isotope ratio show significant dispersion for the negative trend of the diurnal-nocturnal Marine vapor in the two seasons. Such a high scattering is due to the mingling of the diurnal northern wind-gust convection (marked by low Marine vapor input) and the nocturnal steady advection (characterized by high Marine vapor input). Marine vapor waveform has a 12-hour time-lag by the intertwining of turbulent diurnal transmission, and steady nocturnal transport, via the long trajectory (180 km) from the Mediterranean coast to Cairo. In contrast, the relationships between ET mass input and AVM isotope ratio, on the one hand, and between the Troposphere vapor mass input and AVM isotope ratio, on the other hand, manifest low-dispersion positive and negative regressions, respectively. Such a low dispersion is due to short transport pathway, narrow range of the biological input (that increases only during daytime), and Troposphere downdraft (moving northward in Winter but southward in Summer). The ET waveform has a Zero-hour time-lag, like that of the Troposphere vapor. Albeit the low S value of the Troposphere vapor, its impact on the AVM isotopic depletion is significant due to its extremely shallow 18O content. The Troposphere input increase, at low S values of the AVM, is related to regional drought, as expected. The high S values, of Marine and biotic origins, usually go with temperature apogees, especially in Summer, as anticipated. The used models help in improving the time-series simulation of evaporation runs, since using seasonal δ18OV and S markers is better than using a snapshot. The ternary-vapor-source allocation procedure is a breakthrough in isotope hydrology. This thoroughly useful procedure will prove its ultimate benefits when the users get CRDS laser-controlled devices for the continuous measurements of the isotopic ratios in the local AVMs.