Ferroelectrics have recently attracted attention as a candidate class of materials for use in photovoltaic devices, and for the coupling of light absorption with other functional properties. In these materials, the strong inversion symmetry breaking that is due to spontaneous electric polarization promotes the desirable separation of photo-excited carriers and allows voltages higher than the bandgap, which may enable efficiencies beyond the maximum possible in a conventional p-n junction solar cell. Ferroelectric oxides are also stable in a wide range of mechanical, chemical and thermal conditions and can be fabricated using low-cost methods such as sol-gel thin-film deposition and sputtering. Recent work has shown how a decrease in ferroelectric layer thickness and judicious engineering of domain structures and ferroelectric-electrode interfaces can greatly increase the current harvested from ferroelectric absorber materials, increasing the power conversion efficiency from about 10(-4) to about 0.5 per cent. Further improvements in photovoltaic efficiency have been inhibited by the wide bandgaps (2.7-4 electronvolts) of ferroelectric oxides, which allow the use of only 8-20 per cent of the solar spectrum. Here we describe a family of single-phase solid oxide solutions made from low-cost and non-toxic elements using conventional solid-state methods: [KNbO3]1 - x[BaNi1/2Nb1/2O3 - δ]x (KBNNO). These oxides exhibit both ferroelectricity and a wide variation of direct bandgaps in the range 1.1-3.8 electronvolts. In particular, the x = 0.1 composition is polar at room temperature, has a direct bandgap of 1.39 electronvolts and has a photocurrent density approximately 50 times larger than that of the classic ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 material. The ability of KBNNO to absorb three to six times more solar energy than the current ferroelectric materials suggests a route to viable ferroelectric semiconductor-based cells for solar energy conversion and other applications.

We study, from first-principles quantum mechanical calculations, the structural and electronic properties of several low-lying energy equilibrium structures of isoelectronic Si n M clusters ͑M =Sc − ,Ti,V + ͒ for n = 14-18. The main result is that those clusters with n = 16 are more stable than its neighbors, in agreement with recent experimental mass spectra. By analyzing the orbital charge distribution and the partial orbital density of states, that special stability is rationalized as a combination of geometrical ͑near spherical cagelike structure for n =16͒ and electronic effects ͑l-selection rule of the spherical potential model͒. The structures of the two lowest energy isomers of Si 16 M are nearly degenerate, and consist of the Frank-Kasper polyhedron and a distortion of that polyhedron. The first structure is the ground state for M =V + , and the second is the ground state for Ti and Sc − . For the lowest energy isomers of clusters Si n M with n = 14-18, we analyze the changes with size n, and impurity M of several quantities: binding energy, second difference of total energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, adiabatic electron affinity, addition energy of a Si atom, and addition energy of an M impurity to a pure Si n cluster. We obtain good agreement with available measured adiabatic electron affinities for Si n Ti.

We report the dependence of optical absorption on Sr concentration in La1−xSrxFeO3 (LSFO) (x≤0.4) perovskite thin films. Strained epitaxial films were deposited on SrTiO3 substrates using oxide molecular beam epitaxy. We find systematic changes in the optical absorption spectra with increasing x including a red-shift of transition energies and the increasing presence of a lower energy transition within the fundamental gap of pure LaFeO3. These results serve as a demonstration of the complex manner in which absorption spectra can be altered in complex oxides via heterovalent A-site substitution.

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The process of NO adsorption on the cationic cluster Rh(6)(+) is investigated using the density-functional theory (DFT) with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to exchange and correlation. We determine the geometries, electronic structure, and relevant energies for different structural and spin isomers of Rh(6)(0,±), and we study the consecutive adsorption of two NO molecules on the cationic cluster Rh(6)(+). With regard to the first NO molecule, different adsorption energies are found for the ground state octahedral structure of the bare cationic cluster and for the first isomer, which, having a prism-type structure, undergoes a structural transition to an octahedral symmetry upon dissociative adsorption of NO. Several dissociative NO adsorption processes are analyzed in comparison with molecular adsorption of NO to give support to the first step of the reaction inferred from experiments. With regard to the adsorption of a second NO molecule, the intermediate with lowest energy contains a preformed N(2) molecule. The energy of that complex is about 0.7 eV smaller than the sum of the free N(2) energy plus the lowest energy of the Rh(6)(+)-O(2) complex. This complex is composed of two separated O atoms occupying adjacent 2-fold bridging positions of the nearly undistorted Rh(6)(+) octahedral cluster. These findings are in qualitative agreement with experiments.