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 Laboratory-produced alginate-bead inoculum of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi Cortinarius sp. and Gomphidius glutinosus, fungal commercial products ECtovit^®and Trichomil^®, bacterial commercial product BactoFil B^®, and commercial rooting stimulator Vetozen^® were applied to a peat-perlite (1:2, v:v) rooting substrate of Norway spruce stem cuttings collected from 4-year-old nursery-grown seedlings immediately before the insertion of cuttings into the substrate. The application of beads free of fungi and the substrate without an additive were the other treatments. The cuttings were rooted in vessels (60 cuttings per vessel, 180 per treatment) placed in a glasshouse and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The cuttings were estimated for one growing season (approximately for 26 weeks) after their insertion into the rooting substrate. Rooting % of the cuttings ranged from 45 (mycelium-free beads) to 75 (control) according to treatments, 64 on average. No significant differences among treatments were found in % of ECM morphotypes, total ECM colonization of roots (%), and growth parameters of shoots and roots of the cuttings. The applied microbial additives were not sufficiently efficient to form treatment-related ectomycorrhizas that were formed by naturally occurring ECM fungi. Inoculation by the ECM fungus Cortinarius sp. and application of Trichomil had a partial stimulative effect on the shoot growth of cuttings. Shoot and root growth parameters were not significantly correlated with total ECM colonization, except for a negative dependence of the root number in Trichomil treatment. A higher concentration of K but lower concentrations of Ca and Mg in Ectovit treatment than in the other treatments were detected.   

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Balanda, M. 2012: Spatio-temporal structure of natural forest: A structural index approach. -Beskydy, 5 (2): 163-172The submitted paper deals with the analysis of stand structure of mixed species natural forest located in the Carpathians, Middle Europe. In order to evaluation of structural diversity we chose the combination of distance independent and nearestneighbor indices. Following structural indices were calculated: Shanon-Weaver index (S-W), diameter differentiation index (Td), Gigi coefficient (G), mingling index (DMi) and Clark Evans index (CEd). The permanent research plot with area of 2.5ha was established in National Naure Reserve Hrončecký grúň and subdivided into 25×25m subplots. The combination of mentioned indices was calculated for each subplot separately. Regarding the diameter heterogeneity, the most part of analyzed structures showed the moderate level of tree size differentiation (S-W value 0.393±0.074). The presence of high number of juvenile individuals which already reached the diameter category "above 2cm" did not significantly affect the diameter variation of investigated stand. On the other hand, a massive establishment of subsequent generation led to creation of spatial structure characteristic by high level of vertical differentiation (Gini coefficient 0.47 in the structure characterized as the breakdown with successive generation). High climax species richness was confirmed by calculated values of DMi index (maximum relative presence in the category from 0.3 to 0.4). Each tree was surrounded by two and more different species individuals. Analysis discovers the negative developmental shift in the DMi values towards to less differentiated structures. Regarding the horizontal distribution the analysis of CEd values indicated that investigated natural forest can reveal a random distribution of individuals regardless of developmental stage.