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AbslracL Stopping power and ~hermalizalian in relativistic ]heavy ion collisions is investigated employing the quantum molecular dynamics ilpprovcli. For heavy systems stopping of lhe inmming nuclei is predicled. independent of lhe energy. The influence of the quantum effects and thcir increasing importance a t low energies, is demonslraled bj inspeclion of the mean free path of 1he nucleons and the n-n mllision number. Classical models. which neglecl these effects. overestimate lhe stopping and the lhemalization as well as the collective flow and squerze 0111. ?he xnsilivity of the lransvene and longitudinal momentum transfer to the in-medium cmss Yction and to 1he preuure is invesligated.The u s e f u l n w of thermodynamic mncepls. e.g. density, temperature and pressure, i s discussed. Local equilibration can bc dclined only in a fluid picture. 11 is proven [hat the projectile and target nuclei do not penetrate iiuo each olher, as assumed in the wo-fluid model. l h e y bolh collide inslead with a 'participanl' component. which consists of [hose nucleons which lhave suffered a t leas1 one collision. Local equilibration a n reach up to aboul 80% in each separaicd fluid. I1 is shown lha1 the stress tensor in a one-fluid model ciinnol be cas1 in the Newtonian form due lo the non-isotropic slruclure diclated ty lhe initial mndilions in relalivi~tic . . . . :-. MotivationOne of the central motivations for studying heavy ion collisions at high energies is the unique opportunity to probe, in the laboratory, hot dense nuclear matter, e.g. the nuclear viscosity and the equation of state. Unfortunately, compression prevails in nuclear collisions only for a very short period and the nucleons continue to interact wniie the system decompresses. Signatures irom the compression stage can be distorted by these final-state interactions. Theoretical studies are needed to find observables linked unambiguously to the densest and most excited state, and are useful for measuring the thcrmodynamicdl properties of the system. Furthermore