Gaushalas in India are synonymous with the protection of cows and cattle wealth of the country. It is primarily occupied with providing shelter to cows and is catering mostly the needs of non-lactating, weak, unproductive and stray cattle. However, a few fore front Gaushalas are striving to maintain nucleus herd for in-situ conservation of indigenous purebred cows and produce quality males so as to enhance productivity of indigenous breeds.Indigenous cattle are suited to tropical climatic conditions, are able to resist the heat stress, need less water, can walk long distances, survive on local grasses and resist tropical diseases. However, genetic erosion of indigenous cattle breeds is a problem of national concern and a number of local breeds are at a risk of extinction. Currently, the indigenous/non-descript cattle contribute about 21per cent of total milk production in the country. However, given proper attention, the contribution of these animals can be increased substantially. In this regard; recently, several measures have been initiated by the Gaushalas to increase the productivity of milch animals in their native tracts. Under this background, various breeding and reproductive technologies for selection and faster multiplication of genetically superior cattle have been adopted by few progressive Gaushalas to conserve our elite indigenous germplasm. Therefore, an integrated approach with due consideration to proper feeding, breeding, healthcare and improved management practices are recommended to address the future challenges in Gaushalas and exploit potential for sustainable conservation of our native breeds.

A total of 66 species (53 species of grasses and 13 species of bamboos) of Gramineae (Poaceae) are enumerated here from Barail Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam, India. These are distributed under 41 genera and 11 tribes. The study was based on fresh collection of specimens from the sanctuary during 2012 -2014, consultation of herbarium specimens and scrutiny of literature. A list of species is provided with updated nomenclature, vernacular name(s), phenology, occurrences in the study area and habit. Field photographs of some selected members are also provided for ease of identification.