Myopia is amongst the most common refractive errors in the world. Both environmental and genetic factors are attributed to its causation, however all factors contributing to the development of myopia is yet to be found. Recent studies show presence of sex hormone receptor in the eyes. This has been shown to have a role in the development of various ocular pathologies. The second to fourth finger length ratio (2D:4D) has been hypothesised to be determined by exposure to sex steroids prenatally and thus considered a crude measure for prenatal androgen exposure. Hence this study was initiated to assess the association between myopia and 2D:4D ratio (a proxy marker to prenatal sex steroid exposure) among 100 medical college students of either sex and explore the possibility of role of prenatal sex steroids in causation of myopia. This study showed significant negative associations between myopia and digit ratio favouring a probable causal role of sex steroids on eye growth and development of myopia.

To study the relationship of Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC) with glycemic status in new cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) having normal Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) after it was noted that macrophages and monocytes have possible role in genesis of new diabetes in Covid-19 cases.Patients and Methods: Adult subjects with no history of T2D or any comorbidity having normal TLC were selected and classified as normal, prediabetes or T2DM based on OGTT. Demographics, glycemic status and hematological parameters were measured. Statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 21.Results: 102 cases of new T2D mellitus and 164 non-diabetes controls (73 newly diagnosed prediabetes and 91 normal subjects) were compared. Absolute Monocyte Count (AMC) was significantly higher in T2D as compared to normal and PDM though values were within normal limits.Lymphocyte Monocyte Ratio (LMR) showed a decrease from normal to PDM to T2D; however only T2D was significantly different from normal. Monocytes and AMC showed significant but weak association with T2D. There was significant correlation between 1hrPG and AMC (r= 0.176, p<0.01), 1hrPG and LMR (r= -0.169, p<0.01); 2hrPG and AMC (r= 0.179, p<0.01), 2hrPG and LMR (r= -0.142, p<0.05). Conclusion:Early T2D cases with normal TLC have shown that immunological and inflammatory profile in early T2D is definitely different from established T2D of long duration and has few similarities with findings in Covid-19 cases: 1) Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is not raised in early T2D, 2) LMR is not increased in early T2D but definitely decreased, 3) absolute counts of monocytes are

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