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Previous experiments show that nerves have effect on the emigration of immunocompetent cells during acute neurogenic inflammation. The present study aims to determine whether the sympathetic or sensory nerves are responsible for emigration of CD43+ and I-A antigen-expressing cells in the dental pulp after electrical tooth stimulation. Wistar rats were used. Experimental rats (n = 6) had the right superior cervical ganglion removed (SCGx), whereas control rats (n = 6) had sham surgery. Fourteen days later, electrical stimulation of the right maxillary 1st molar was performed in both groups for 20-25 s every 5th min for a total period of 4 h. Changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) were recorded with a laser Doppler flowmeter. All rats were transcardiacally perfused and processed for immunohistochemistry using antibodies against neuropeptides and immune cells. Intermittent electrical stimulation consistently increased PBF and depleted sympathetic and sensory neuropeptides in the dental pulp. The increase in PBF gradually decreased and approached control values at the end of the 4 h stimulation period. A significant increase in the number of I-A antigen-expressing dendritic cells was found in both the SCGx (P < 0.001) and control rats (P < 0.007). In contrast, tooth stimulation did not increase the number of CD43+ cells in the SCGx rats compared to the unstimulated contralateral control molar. Significantly more CD43+ PMN cells (P < 0.01) were found in the control rats after stimulation. It is concluded that stimulation of sympathetic nerves causes recruitment of CD43+ PMN cells, whereas stimulation of sensory nerves causes emigration of I-A antigen-expressing dendritic cells in the dental pulp.

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There are multiple avenues which have been suggested for reversing the process of ageing. It is a given fact that the cellular process of ageing cannot be stopped. It is a natural process every living being goes through. This article explores the aspect of early onset ageing where the look on the face is a decade or more elder than the natural biological age of the patient. The reasons for this early onset ageing are explored and enumerated. Muscles tend to lose their tone adding to the aged look and the reason for this loss of tonicity is also explained.Methods to stop and reverse this condition of early onset ageing are then explained. The connection between a rotated mandible and early onset ageing is established. Cases are presented which clearly demonstrates how this process can be effectively reversed.

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