The effect of storage on viability of the Lolium endophyte fungus (Acremonium loliae Latch, Christensen and Samuels) in seed of perennial ryegrass was studied. Treatments included four initial seed moistures (13.8, 12.1, 10.0, and 8.6%); different storage bags (calico, polyethylene film (9, 35, or 70 /lm thickness), and laminated aluminium foil-polyethylene); and four storage conditions (ambient 5-2YC, 5°Cj70% RH; 0°C/30% RH; -1 YC/90% RH). After 12 months of ambient temperature storage, seeds with final moisture contents > 11.3% had a rapid linear decline in endophyte viability from an initial 84% to < 15% at 13.0% seed moisture. Samples in 70 /lm thick polyethylene and aluminium foil laminated packets had the highest endophyte viability (70-78%) at ambient temperatures. Seed stored at 5, 0, or -15°C had high endophyte viability with no effect of seed moisture. Seed germination was not affected by any treatments. Cool or low humidity environments ( < 60% RH) are required to maintain viability of Lolium endophyte fungus in stored seed.
A brachiaria breeding program initiated in 1988 at CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia) combined desirable attributes found in accessions of Brachiaria brizantha and B. decumbens. Three apomictic hybrids have been released (cvv. Mulato, Mulato II and Cayman). Mulato showed agronomic potential but seed yields were low. Trials in Central America demonstrated the superiority of Mulato II, a vigorous grass with deep and branched roots, giving it excellent drought tolerance in the Brazilian Cerrado and Mexico, plus outstanding nutritional value. Following trials in Mexico and Thailand, evaluating 155 new hybrids for 7 years, cv. Cayman was released due to strong waterlogging tolerance. Research on production, quality and seed yields of brachiaria hybrids in Asia, the Americas and Africa from 2003 to 2013 is summarized in this paper. ResumenUn programa de mejoramiento de brachiaria iniciado en 1988 en el CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia) combinó los atributos deseables encontrados en accesiones de Brachiaria brizantha y B. decumbens y condujo a la liberación de 3 híbridos apomícticos (cvs. Mulato, Mulato II y Cayman). Mulato mostró potencial agronómico pero la producción de semilla fue baja. Ensayos conducidos en Centroamérica demostraron la superioridad de Mulato II, un pasto de crecimiento vigoroso y con raíces profundas y ramificadas que proporcionan excelente resistencia a la sequía en el Cerrado brasileño y México. Mulato II también tiene un valor nutritivo sobresaliente. Después de ensayos en México y Tailandia, evaluando 155 nuevos híbridos durante 7 años, cv. Cayman fue liberado debido a su alta tolerancia de inundación. En este trabajo se resume la investigación conducida en Asia, las Américas y África durante 2003−20013, sobre la producción, calidad y rendimiento de semilla de híbridos de brachiaria.
Seed of 6 forage species, Mulato II hybrid brachiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis x B. decumbens x B. brizantha), Cayman hybrid brachiaria (B. ruziziensis x B. decumbens x B. brizantha), Mombasa guinea (Panicum maximum), Tanzania guinea (P. maximum), Ubon stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris x var. pauciflora) and Ubon paspalum (Paspalum atratum), is currently being produced by more than 1,000 smallholder farmers in villages in northeast Thailand and northern Laos, under contract to Ubon Forage Seeds, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand. The seed is mainly exported (95%), with the remainder sold within Thailand. Tropical Seeds LLC, a subsidiary of a Mexican seed company, Grupo Papalotla, employs Ubon Forage Seeds to manage seed production, seed sales and export, and to conduct research on new forage species. This paper details how the development of a smallholderfarmer seed-production program in Thailand and Laos produced positive social and economic outcomes for the village seed-growers. In addition, the strong emphasis on seed quality, high purity, high vigor and high germination enabled pasture growers in more than 20 tropical countries in Asia, Africa, the Pacific and Central and South America, to establish more than 20,000 ha of pastures over the past 3 years. ResumenEn aldeas de Tailandia y norte de Laos existen más de 1,000 pequeños agricultores dedicados a la producción de semillas de los híbridos de braquiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis x B. decumbens x B. brizantha) cvs. Mulato II y Cayman; guinea (Panicum maximum) cvs. Mombasa y Tanzania; Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Ubon stylo y Paspalum atratum cv. Ubon paspalum, en contrato con Ubon Forage Seeds, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Tailandia. El 95% de las semillas producidas es exportado y el restante 5% vendido localmente. La Tropical Seeds LLC, una subsidiaria de la compañía mexicana de semillas del Grupo Papalotla, contrata a Ubon Forage Seeds para manejar la producción, venta y exportación de semilla y para conducir investigaciones en búsqueda de nuevos cultivares forrajeros. En este documento se presenta la forma cómo un programa de producción de semilla por productores aldeanos en Tailandia y Laos ha resultado en impactos positivos para los pequeños productores, desde el punto de vista social y económico. Adicionalmente, productores de forrajes en más de 20 países tropicales de Asia, Africa, la región del Pacífico y de Centro y Suramérica se han beneficiado de semilla de alta calidad, en términos de pureza, vigor y germinación, para el establecimiento de más de 20,000 ha en los últimos 3 años.
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