Background Plaque psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the development of red scaly plaques. To date psoriasis lesional skin transcriptome has been extensively studied, whereas only few proteomic studies of psoriatic skin are available. Aim The aim of this study was to compare protein expression patterns of lesional and normally looking skin of psoriasis patients with skin of the healthy volunteers, reveal differentially expressed proteins and identify changes in cell metabolism caused by the disease. Methods Skin samples of normally looking and lesional skin donated by psoriasis patients (n = 5) and samples of healthy skin donated by volunteers (n = 5) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After protein identification and data processing, the set of differentially expressed proteins was subjected to protein ontology analysis to characterize changes in biological processes, cell components and molecular functions in the patients’ skin compared to skin of the healthy volunteers. The expression of selected differentially expressed proteins was validated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Results The performed analysis identified 405 and 59 differentially expressed proteins in lesional and normally looking psoriatic skin compared to healthy control. In normally looking skin of the patients, we discovered decreased expression of KNG1, APOE, HRG, THBS1 and PLG. Presumably, these changes were needed to protect the epidermis from spontaneous activation of kallikrein-kinin system and delay the following development of inflammatory response. In lesional skin, we identified several large groups of proteins with coordinated expression. Mainly, these proteins were involved in different aspects of protein and RNA metabolism, namely ATP synthesis and consumption; intracellular trafficking of membrane-bound vesicles, pre-RNA processing, translation, chaperoning and degradation in proteasomes/immunoproteasomes. Conclusion Our findings explain the molecular basis of metabolic changes caused by disease in skin lesions, such as faster cell turnover and higher metabolic rate. They also indicate on downregulation of kallikrein-kinin system in normally looking skin of the patients that would be needed to delay exacerbation of the disease. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021673.

In women, the flow of psoriasis is influenced by each phase of a woman’s life cycle. According to previous findings, significant changes in the levels of sex hormones affect the severity of the disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the estrogen-responsive genes that could be responsible for the exacerbation of psoriasis in menopausal women. Methods: Skin samples of lesional skin donated by psoriasis patients (n = 5) were compared with skin samples of healthy volunteers (n = 5) using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The set of differentially expressed proteins was subjected to protein ontology analysis to identify differentially expressed estrogen-responsive proteins. The expression of discovered proteins was validated by qPCR and ELISA on four groups of female participants. The first group included ten psoriasis patients without menopause; the second included eleven postmenopausal patients; the third included five healthy volunteers without menopause; and the fourth included six postmenopausal volunteers. Moreover, the participants’ blood samples were used to assess the levels of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. Results: We found that the levels of estradiol and progesterone were significantly lower and the levels of testosterone were significantly higher in the blood of patients compared to the control. The protein ontology analysis of LC–MS/MS data identified six proteins, namely HMOX1, KRT19, LDHA, HSPD1, MAPK1, and CA2, differentially expressed in the lesional skin of female patients compared to male patients. ELISA and qPCR experiments confirmed differential expression of the named proteins and their mRNA. The genes encoding the named proteins were differentially expressed in patients compared to volunteers. However, KRT19 and LDHA were not differentially expressed when we compared patients with and without menopause. All genes, except MAPK1, were differentially expressed in patients with menopause compared to the volunteers with menopause. HMOX1, KRT19, HSPD1, and LDHA were differentially expressed in patients without menopause compared to the volunteers without menopause. However, no significant changes were found when we compared healthy volunteers with and without menopause. Conclusion: Our experiments discovered a differential expression of six estrogen-controlled genes in the skin of female patients. Identification of these genes and assessment of the changes in their expression provide insight into the biological effects of estrogen in lesional skin. The results of proteomic analysis are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021673.

Mental disorders participate in the development of psoriasis as predisposing factors; a correlation of dermatological diseases with pathological anxiety and stress was shown. The aim of this study is to find the associations between SNV in genes COMT (rs4680), DBH

Objective of the Review: to present updated data on psoriasis for clinical pediatricians. Key Points. The article presents updated epidemiological information on psoriasis prevalence in paediatric population; early onset of disease accounts for 70%. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, immune changes, infective agents; children may also have stress as a trigger; in teenagers, smoking can facilitate severe psoriasis. Clinical presentation in paediatric population has some distinctive features: in children, plaque psoriasis is less frequent than in adults. Still, psoriasis of the scalp is diagnosed in approx. 79% of children. Psoriasis therapy in children is limited, but it has much in common with psoriasis management in adults. Conclusion. As psoriasis is associated with multiple non-dermatologic conditions (hepatobiliary disorders, Grohn’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc.), early diagnosis facilitates more comprehensive examination of patients for comorbidities and early diagnostics. There are no standardised recommendations for psoriasis management in children. Therefore, paediatric patients require more attention not only from dermatologists, but from paediatricians and multidisciplinary paediatric teams. Keywords: psoriasis, clinical presentations of psoriasis in children.

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