. Additionally, we observed an activation of caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 upon apoptotic Fas triggering. In summary, we demonstrate that IFN-␥ and TNF-␣ sensitize primarily apoptosis-resistant ESCs to Fas-mediated cell death. This might be due to an upregulation of Fas expression, and apoptosis seems to be mediated by active caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9. The observed pro-apoptotic effect of IFN-␥ and TNF-␣ on ESCs could play an important role in the modulation of early implantation.
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