Abstract. The details and the consequences of the recent retreat of Triftgletscher (Gadmertal, Bernese Alps, Switzerland) have been investigated. Geodetic volume changes indicate a strong decrease since 1929 while the position of the terminus remained practically unchanged until 1990. The role played by calving in the tongue retreat running from 2000 to 2006 is confirmed by means of a mass balance model including a calving criterion. Results show that without calving, it would have taken two years longer for the lake to form than has been observed. The consequences of the ensuing tongue destabilization are surveyed, first with an ice avalanche model and second with a hydraulic study of the potential impulse wave triggered by the impact of the falling ice mass in the lake. Results point out that ice avalanches with volumes greater that 1 ·10 6 m 3 will flow into the lake and that in the worst scenario, a discharge of 400 m 3 s −1 is expected to reach the endangered area in Gadmertal 11 min after the break-off. In order to detect surface motion precursors to such ice avalanches, a photographic monitoring system was installed. The results indicate seasonal variations with peak velocity in summer and no significant change during the other months. Spectacular velocity increases were not observed so far.

Cross correlation analysis of digitised grey scale patterns is based on -at least -two images which are compared one to each other. Comparison is performed by means of a two-dimensional cross correlation algorithm applied to a set of local intensity submatrices taken from the pattern matrices of the reference and the comparison images in the surrounding of predefined points of interest.Established as an outstanding NDE tool for 2D and 3D deformation field analysis with a focus on micro-and nanoscale applications (microDAC and nanoDAC), the method exhibits an additional potential for far wider applications, that could be used for advancing homeland security. Cause the cross correlation algorithm in some kind seems to imitate some of the "smart" properties of human vision, this "field-of-surface-related" method can provide alternative solutions to some object and process recognition problems that are difficult to solve with more classic "object-related" image processing methods. Detecting differences between two or more images using cross correlation techniques can open new and unusual applications in identification and detection of hidden objects or objects with unknown origin, in movement or displacement field analysis and in some aspects of biometric analysis, that could be of special interest for homeland security.

Thermo-mechanical reliability in advanced electronic packaging requires new materials testing approaches. The necessary understanding of the impact of very local material stressing on component reliability leads to the need of materials testing and characterization on microscopic scale. For example, defect initiation and propagation in multilayer structures as in WLP and flip chip technology, the influence of material migration to mechanical behavior or defect development in ultra-thin silicon dies often are not well understood. A key for micro materials testing and characterization is the measurement of strains and displacements inside microscopic regions. Correlation techniques (e.g., microDAC, nanoDAC) are one of the promising tools for that purpose. Their application potentials to micro testing for electronic packaging materials are demonstrated in the paper. More in detail, CTE measurement and crack testing are discussed. First attempts for testing under AFM conditions and their results are considered.

Es wird eine Methode zur Untersuchung von Grenzflächenfestigkeit und Delaminationsprozessen sowie zur Beschreibung von Rissentstehung und Rissfortschritt in Verbundmaterialien vorgestellt. Mit dem optischen Messverfahren UNIDAC (Universal Deformation Analysis by Correlation) können lokale Verformungen und Verformungsfelder erfasst und beschrieben werden. Die bei mechanischer Belastung der Proben auftretenden Veränderungen werden mit einer optischen Technik erfasst und die bei unterschiedlichen Laststufen aufgenommenen digitalisierten Bilder mittels eines geeigneten Korrelationsalgorithmus ,,verglichen". Damit kann sowohl das Deformationsverhalten des Materials als Ganzes sowie einzelner Bereiche des Verbundes und seiner Komponenten beschrieben und Aussagen über das Verhalten der Grenzschichten bei Belastung abgeleitet werden. Die lokalen Verschiebungsfelder innerhalb einzelner Komponenten werden getrennt erfasst und der Rissfortschritt kann direkt verfolgt werden. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse beruhen auf der Kombination zwischen dem UNIDAC-Verfahren und dem Dreipunktbiegetest. Aus den Messwerten können weitere Werkstoffkenngrößen abgeleitet werden.In this paper we describe a method to investigate the interface strength, the process of delamination, and the propagation of cracks in fibre ceramics. Local displacements and displacement fields are determined and evaluated by a combination of the optical measuring procedure UNIDAC (Universal Deformation Analysis by Correlation), digital image processing, and a special equipment for mechanical testing. Digital images of the specimen are recorded under different bending loads and compared by a correlation algorithm. The deformation behaviour of the composite material and of certain components is analyzed under different loads. Further physical and mechanical quantities are then derived from the obtained displacement fields. The displacement fields as well as local displacements can be determined and evaluated for specific layers of the composite material. This method can also be applied to investigate in-situ crack initiation and propagation as well as interface strength and interfacial adhesion. The bending strength and the Young's modulus of materials can be determined. Results of investigations based on a combination of UNIDAC and the 3-pointbending test are shown.

Durch Parameteridentifikation anhand des Vergleichs von experimentellen Ergebnissen und Resultaten der numerischen Simulation können Aussagen zu lokalen Materialkennwerten in mikrotechnischen Verbunden gewonnen werden. Typische Aufgabenstellungen bestehen in der Analyse besonders kleiner Untersuchungsobjekte und Deformationen, so dass hohe Ansprüche an die Auflösung der eingesetzten Messverfahren, damit aber auch besondere Anforderungen an die Eigenschaften der Belastungseinrichtungen gestellt werden. Speziell für Anforderungen der digitalen Holografie, jedoch unter Berücksichtigung der Gegebenheiten weiterer Messverfahren (Formvermessung mittels strukturierter Beleuchtung, Grauwertkorrelation), wurde eine Einrichtung entwickelt und aufgebaut, die externe Störeinflüsse, insbesondere mechanische Schwingungen, thermisch induzierte Luftschlierenbildung und unzulässige thermische Verschiebungen von Komponenten der Belastungseinrichtung weitgehend ausschließt und damit Untersuchungen an Mikrostrukturen unter genau definierter thermischer und/oder mechanischer Belastung unter Vakuumbedingungen ermöglicht.