Les difficultés des questions posées dans le cadre des évaluations ne sont pas toujours faciles à anticiper par des enseignants ou des concepteurs de tests même si cette expertise est pourtant cruciale. Cet article se concentre sur l'établissement a priori des caractéristiques des questions qui expliqueraient les difficultés des élèves, difficultés dont certaines possiblement spécifiques du milieu socio-économico-culturel et du niveau de performance des élèves. Notre étude a donc consisté à élaborer un modèle prédictif des difficultés de questions relevant de la culture scientifique. Pour cela, nous prenons l'exemple des tâches de culture scientifique de l'enquête internationale PISA 2015. Cela nous permet de discuter la construction de notre modèle, les attentes de résultats qu'il peut induire et l'implication de ce type d'études pour l'enseignement et la conception d'évaluations en sciences. Elaboration of a question difficulty model assessing students' scientific literacyThe difficulties of the questions asked in the framework of the assessments are not always easy to anticipate by teachers or test designers even if this expertise is nevertheless crucial. This article focuses on establishing a priori of the characteristics of the questions that would explain the students' difficulties, some of which may be specific to the socioeconomic-cultural environment and the level of performance of the students. Our study therefore consisted in developing a predictive model of the difficulties of questions related to scientific literacy. For this, we choose the example of the scientific literacy tasks of the international PISA 2015 survey. This allows us to discuss the construction of our model, the expectations of outcomes it might induce and the implication of this type of studies for teaching and designing assessments in science.Mots-clés : culture scientifique, modèle de difficulté de question, statut socio-économico-culturel des élèves, performance PISA Science 2015.
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