Global warming has a profound impact on the geographical expansion, abundance and virulence of many pathogens (Kutz et al. 2009, Callaway et al. 2012, Gallana et al. 2013, and temperature-driven environmental stress may further increase the risk of disease (Marcogliese 2008, Niinemets et al. 2017. The impact of global warming has been particularly severe in polar regions (Post et al. 2019, Previdi et al.
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