climate change, vulnerability, adaption, agriculture, Egypt,

The potential of eight local fungal isolates for amylase production using some agricultural by -productes (wheat bran ,corn bran ,rice bran and potato waste was investigated.With all wastes the optimum incubation period for enzyme production was at 7 days . The maximum production of amylase by Penicillium sp .(1) was 183. 34 ,119.24 ,55.98 and 46.51 IU/ g .after 7 days of incubation when wheat bran , corn bran, potato waste and rice bran was used ,respectively. After 5 days of incubation ,at 28°C the production was 267. 92 ,80.19 ,34.22 and 24.34 IU/ g .The maximum yield of enzyme 268.96 IU/ g by Penicillium sp .(2) was obtained with wheat bran after 5 days of incubation ,while with corn bran 75.48 IU/ g ,potato waste 29.76 IU/ g and 36.79 IU/ g rice bran . The maximum yield (398.47 IU/ g) was obtained by Penicillium chrysogenum with wheat bran after 7 days of incubation followed by corn bran (163.54 IU/ g) after 9 days ,rice bran (125.24 IU/ g ) and potato waste (98.87 IU/ g) after 9 days of incubation . Penicillium georgiense achieved the highest values of enzyme (407.65 IU/ g ) after 7 days and 347.52 IU/ g after 5 days of incubation ,at 28°C when wheat bran was used as cultivation medium. Using wheat bran , rice bran ,corn bran and potato waste, enzyme production by Penicillium sp.(3) at the optimum time of incubation at 28°C was 320.49,82.68 ,134.85 and 97.98 IU/ g , respectively. The maximum production of enzyme by Verticillium sp. was 258.6 IU/ g in case of using wheat bran ,while it was 102.29 IU/ g ,103.20 and 96.50 IU/ g with rice bran ,corn bran and potato waste ,respectively .By using wheat bran higher capacity of enzyme production by Aspergillus westerdijkiae (387.45 IU/ g ) was obtained after the 7 th day of incubation at 28°C,but after the 5 th day of incubation the production was 234.64 IU/ g .The production after 7 days was 157.52 ,102.49 and 90.37 IU/ g , when corn bran, potato waste and rice bran was used ,while the production after 5 days of incubation at 28°C were 101.32 IU/ g ,84.42 IU/ g and 57.12 IU/ g respectively . The highest value of enzyme (194.57 IU/ g) was obtained by Alternaria sp. after the 7th day of incubation when wheat bran is used as cultivation medium .From the results it could be concluded that wheat bran proved to be the best waste for enzyme production ,followed by corn bran ,rice bran and potato waste .

Four local fungal isolates were used in this study to produce pigments using some agro-industrial wastes via solid state fermentation. The maximum production of pigments by Talaromyces purpureogenus (MT232241.1) was obtained when broken wheat was used as a substrate, after 9 days of incubation , at 25°C , 60% moisture content, 3ml of spore suspension as inoculum , pH5and under dark light condition. In case of Fusarium oxysporum (KU671032.1) the highest level of pigments obtained by using broken rice, after 12days of incubation , at 30°c , 60% moisture content, 3ml of spore suspension as inoculum , pH and under dark light By using 3ml of spore suspension as inoculum of Aspergillus penicillioides (MT594382.1) the maximum pigment production was achieved with broken wheat as a substrate after 12days of incubation , at 25°C, 60% moisture content, pH6 and under red light condition. By using the corn cobs as a substrate, the fungal Trichoderma lixii (MW805725) showed high pigment production after 12days of incubation, at 30°C, pH6, when the moisture content was 60%, 4ml of spore suspension was used as inoculum, and under dark light condition.