The kinetics of the CO hydrogenation reaction over a Fe–Mn fused catalyst was investigated in a fixed-bed micro-reactor.

An investigation of the kinetic and mechanism of CO hydrogenation reaction was performed on impregnated Co‐Ni/Al2O3. Determination of kinetic parameters from the experiments was carried out in a micro fixed‐bed reactor. Kinetic evaluations were performed under various operational conditions of T = 473–673 K, p = 1–14 bar, H2/CO = 1–3, and GHSV = 4,500 hr−1. Kinetic models and rate equations for CO consumption were obtained by using two main‐type rate equations of Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Hougen‐Watson (LHHW) and Eley‐Rideal (ER). Estimation of various kinetic parameters was performed using a nonlinear regression method. According to the obtained experimental results and using statistical criteria, one kinetic expression based on the LHHW mechanism (‐rCO = kp.bCO.PCO. bH2. PH2/[1+ bCO.PCO + bH2.PH2]2) was chosen as the best‐fitted model. For this fitted model, the activation energy was found to be 109.2 kJ/mol. Characterization of the catalyst was also performed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), BET, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometer (EDS) techniques.

Introduction:Evaluation of quality of life is very important in cancer patients. Esophagus-specific quality of life questionnaire (QLQ-OES18) is a disease-specific questionnaire for assessing quality of life in esophageal cancer (EC). So we aimed to translate and evaluate the reliability and validity of the QLQ-OES18 when applied to Iranian patients.Materials and Methods:This study was designed as cross-sectional study on 62 newly confirmed EC in two referral hospital in Tehran, Iran. Reliability of the subscales was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients. Pearson's correlations of an item with its own scale and other scales were calculated to assess convergent and discriminant validity. Clinical validity was also evaluated by known-group comparisons.Results:Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.7 in most subscales. All subscales met the standards of convergent and discriminant validity. Also QLQ-OES18 had discriminatory power for differentiation between patient's groups with different clinical status.Conclusion:Our results provide evidences that Persian version of QLQ-OES18 is a valid and reliable questionnaire when applied to a sample of Iranian patients with EC and is recommended for use in clinical research.

The goal of this project is to develop a technology for producing microengineered adsorbent carbons from Illinois coal and to evaluate the potential application of these novel materials for storing natural gas for use in emerging low pressure, natural gas vehicles (NGV). The focus of the project is to design and engineer adsorbents that meet or exceed the performance and cost targets established for low-pressure natural gas storage materials. Potentially, about two million tons of adsorbent could be consumed in natural gas vehicles by year 2000. If successful, the results obtained in this project could lead to the use of Illinois coal in a growing and profitable market that could exceed 6 million tons per year. During this reporting period, a series of experiments were made to evaluate the effect of coal pre-oxidation, coal pyrolysis, and char activation on the surface area development and methane adsorption capacity of activated carbons/chars made from IBC-102. The optimum production conditions were determined to be: coal oxidation in air at 225"C, oxicoal (oxidized coal); devolatilization in nitrogen at 400°C; and char gasification in 50% steam in nitrogen at 850°C. Nitrogen BET surface areas of the carbon products ranged from 800-1100 m2/g. Methane adsorption capacity of several Illinois coal derived chars and a 883 m2/g commercial activated carbon were measured using a pressurized thermogaravimetric analyzer at pressures up t$300 psig. Methane adsorption capacity (gg) of the chars were comparable to that& t@ commercial activated carbon manufactured by Calgon Carbon. It was dete&n$ that the pre-oxidation is a key processing step for producing activated cha@arBm Qbh with high surface area and high methane adsorption capacity. The results ; & t a d 0 rq to date are encouraging and warrant further research and development in g@od&ngq,$'

The objective of this research is to invert the conventional scale of values normally assigned to products of coal utilization processes and make special coal chars (carbons) that, because of their special properties, can be among the most marketable materials in the product slate. Attempts are continuing to develop and prove procedures for comparing the catalyst activity of oxidized activated carbons. In the new studies, dehydrochlorination reactions were carried out in the gas phase and they were applied to alkyl chlorides less reactive than the tertiary chlorides used previously. Adsorption studies show the capacity of carbons made in this study, as measured by the Freundlich equation, have significantly less capacity than that of AR000, a commercially available activated carbon manufactured from bituminous coal. The series of samples having differing ratios of CO and CO 2 surface groups has been prepared and submitted to Amoco Research Center for characterization by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Data obtained from TPD experiments will be analyzed in conjunction with results obtained from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine which specific surface functional groups may be responsible for enhanced PNP adsorption.