The value of the routine analyses, applied until present, of whole blood, serum and urine for bioelements is limited. The blood mineral level does not often correspond to the content of minerals in the whole body because the composition of plasma results from supplementation of deficiencies by different homeostatic mechanisms. Moreover, the blood concentration of bioelements is relatively low and depends on a current diet, therefore the diagnostic value of such analytical results may be fairly small. Studies have shown that the analysis of hair and nails are an appropriate alternative for blood and urine tests or for biopsy. Chemical treatments in agriculture, animal production and food processing introduce many food contaminants into the food chain. Organic methods in agriculture are safer and therefore very important. Nutrition based on organically produced foods and anthroposophic lifestyle can play an important role in health prophylaxis The objective of this study was to determine correlations between concentrations of 29 major and trace elements in cow's milk and hair. The experimental material consisted of 33 cows of Polish Holstein-Fresian (HF) breed from three dairy organic farms. All the farms were located in one climatic zone and under similar soil conditions. The cows were kept in traditional tiedup barns. The feeding was traditional, with ration components given separately. The cows were grazed from May to October. Depending on pasture yield and availability of other feeds, the feeding ration was supplemented with hay, straw, silage and cereals. Samples of milk and hair for analyses of minerals were collected in September, i.e. during the pasture feeding. The hair was taken from the poll. The concentration of Ca,
Effect of selenium (Se) supplementation on the selenoprotein and lipid metabolism gene expression patterns in ruminants, especially in lambs is not yet fully understood. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of Se supplementation on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression patterns of selected selenoproteins and genes related to lipid metabolism in growing lambs. The experiment was conducted on 48 Polish Merino lambs divided into two groups (n = 24): control (C)—lambs fed with a basal diet (BD) with no Se supplementation, and supplemented (S)—lambs fed with a BD, supplemented with 0.5 mg Se/kg as sodium selenate for 8 weeks. Expression of 12 selenoproteins and six genes related to lipid metabolism was analyzed in the liver and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of growing lambs by qPCR. Significant differences were found in the expression of GPX1, GPX2, SEPM, SEPW1, SEP15, SEPGS2, and TXNRD1 in the liver, and GPX1, SEPP1, SEPN1, SEPW1, SEP15, and MSRB1 in the LD muscle between S and C lambs. Se supplementation mainly upregulated SEPW1, SEP15 (P < 0.001; P < 0.01) mRNA expression in the liver, and GPX1, SEPP1, SEPN1, SEPW1 (P < 0.001; P < 0.01) in the muscle of S group. On the other hand, significant decrease in GPX2 (P < 0.01), SEPM (P < 0.001), and SEPHS2 (P < 0.01) mRNA expression levels were observed in the liver of S group of lambs. Se supplementation did not affect PON1, LXRα, and PPARα mRNA expression levels, but a significant increase in mRNA levels of APOE and LPL in the LD muscle (P < 0.05) as well as LPL (P < 0.05) in the liver were noticed in the group of Se supplemented lambs. Our study confirmed that, in lambs, similarly to other species, mRNA expression patterns of several selenoproteins highly depend on dietary Se levels, and their expression is ruled by hierarchical principles and tissue-specific mechanisms. Moreover, the study showed that changes Se intake leads to different levels of genes expression related with lipid metabolism.
WPŁYW ŻYWIENIA NA ZAWARTOŚĆ SKŁADNIKÓW BIOAKTYWNYCH W MLEKU KRÓW Z GOSPODARSTW EKOLOGICZNYCH S t r e s z c z e n i e Skład mleka zależy głównie od sposobu żywienia i utrzymania zwierząt, odmiennego w systemie ekologicznym i konwencjonalnym. Mleko ekologiczne zawiera więcej korzystnych białek niż mleko konwencjonalne, takich jak: α-laktoalbumina, β-laktoglobulina i laktoferyna. Mleko od krów wypasanych lub karmionych świeżą paszą, bogatą w różne gatunkowo rośliny, ma znacznie wyższy stosunek nienasyconych (PUFA) do nasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych (SFA) i korzystniejszy stosunek PUFA Ω-6 do Ω-3. Mleko ekologiczne ma większą zawartość PUFA, CLA cis-9, trans-11, kwasu t-wakcenowego (TVA) i kwasu α-linolenowego (LNA) w porównaniu z mlekiem konwencjonalnym. Profil kwasów tłuszczowych w mleku krów żywionych kiszonką z traw jest korzystniejszy w porównaniu z pozyskiwanym od zwierząt, którym podawano kiszonkę z kukurydzy. Czerwona koniczyna, siemię lniane, olej rzepakowy i rybny mają korzystny wpływ na skład kwasów tłuszczowych w mleku. Podczas okresu pastwiskowego mleko krów z gospodarstw ekologicznych miało większą zawartość witamin rozpuszczalnych w tłuszczach (A, D, E) od mleka zwierząt niekorzystających z pastwiska. Stężenie składników mineralnych w mleku krów z gospodarstw ekologicznych zależy od ich zawartości w glebie i w zielonce.Słowa kluczowe: mleko ekologiczne, kwasy tłuszczowe, witaminy, białka, składniki mineralne, żywienie Wprowadzenie W Unii Europejskiej produkcja mleka ekologicznego wynosi około 2,5 mld l, co stanowi około 2 % całej produkcji mleka. W Polsce rynek mleczarskich produktów ekologicznych zaczyna dopiero powstawać. Produkcję mleka ekologicznego szacuje się na 26 tys. t, przy średniej wydajności krów w stadach ekologicznych wynoszącej Dr hab. M. Gabryszuk prof. nadzw., dr hab. T. Sakowski prof. nadzw., mgr inż. E.
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