The solubility of Combretum glutinosum gum in distilled water ranged from 30 to 40% and gel fraction ranges between 60 to 70%. It was found that the gum solubility increased with increase the pH of solution. The reduced viscosity of Gum Habeil in distilled water was increased with decrease the concentration of gum solution, and this is the a behavior of ionic polysaccharide solutions, for that Huggins and Kraemer equations are incapable to derive the intrinsic viscosity value of aqueous gum solution. Some extrapolated equations such as Fouss, Schulz -Blaschke, Martin, Heller, and Fedors equations used to estimate the optimum model for measurement intrinsic viscosity of this type of gum. The influence of ion types and ionic strength on the viscosity of gum solutions were also determined. The effect of ionic strength on the intrinsic viscosity of Combretum glutinosum gum was used to determine the salt tolerance value and the chain stiffness parameters of this type of gum. This study exhibited that the values of chain stiffness parameter (B), and salt tolerance (S) of deacetylated gum in the range of 0.0574 to 0.0700, and0.083 to 0.101 dl× M 1/2 / g respectively.

Twenty-five authentic samples of Prunus amygdalus gum samples were collected from five different locations in northwest of Libya. Different physicochemical methods were used to characterize this type of gum samples. The mean values of the moisture ranged from 12.55 to 14.93%, ash mean values 4.03 to 4.62%, pH 3.89 to 4.40, W.H.C 52.85 to 60.0%, and O.H.C 136.2 to 156.3%. Solubility of Prunus amygdalus gum showed that it had low solubility in distilled water with the mean values ranged from 20.01 to 35.40%, but it dissolved perfectly in alkali media where solubility increased to 96.3% in 0.05 M Na2CO3. The study exhibited that the mean values of cationic concentration in %(w/w) such as calcium was ranged from 0.552 to 0.585, potassium 0.402 to 0.505, iron 0.0975 to 0.1125, and sodium 0.064 to 0.079, which indicates that Ca has the highest concentration of metallic ions present. Atomic absorption method indicate that all samples contain traces of elements, Li, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Hg, and Cd. The main functional groups recorded from FTIR spectrum included bands at 3293 cm-1 (O-H in carboxylic group), 1601.77 cm-1 (C=O, amide N-H bend, and C=C), 1357.53 cm-1 (CH3-, and C-O-H in- plane bending vibration), and 1025.74 cm-1 (C-O stretching).

The determination of weight average molecular weight (Mw) and radius of gyration (Rg) of Habeil gum was performed on a gel permeation chromatography-multi angle laser light scattering (GPC-MALLS) system. The results showed three main components of Combretum glutinosum gum designated arabinogalactan protein (AGP), arabinogalactan (AG) and glycoprotein (GP). The Mw of the freeze dried soluble part, freeze dried deacetylated gum, and freeze dried calcium-free gum were 2.06×10 6 , 8.03×10 5 , and 1.40×10 6 g /mol, respectively. The Mw of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components collected from soluble part gum are 3.16×10 6 and 6.08×10 5 g /mol, respectively, while the Mw of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components collected from deacetylated gum are 1.39×10 6 and 8.36×10 5 g /mol, respectively. Emulsification studies of the gum fractions showed lowest degree of span value than the starting material indicating good uniformity and increasing in adsorption of protein on oil droplet surface. The results of emulsion studies indicated that a blend of 50% w/w deacetylated Combretum glutinosum gum and 50% w/w Acacia Senegal produced better emulsification properties than the pure mother gum.

A poly(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) acetic acid) thin-film was formed on the surface of a platinum (Pt) electrode by oxidative electropolymerization of a new carbazole derivative. Electrochemical polymerization was performed in reaction medium containing monomer and 0.1 M TBABF4 mixture in acetonitrile (ACN) using repeated cycling at a scanning rate of 250 mV. The electrochemical polymerization of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) acetic acid (25mM) was studied using cyclic voltammetry on both Pt and ITO electrodes. The structure of the soluble polymer was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13CNMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The weight average molecular weight of poly(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) acetic acid) was determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and found to be 130900 g/mol. Characterizations of the resulting polymer were performed by cyclic voltammetry, dry conductivity measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the UV-Visible spectroscopy and electrochemical spectroscopic studies indicated that the poly(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) acetic acid) film showed a green color in the oxidized state, and high transmittance in the neutral state. Moreover, the poly(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) acetic acid) film is soluble in common organic solvents, such as DMSO, THF, NMP, and DMAC. The conductivities of poly(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) acetic acid) is about 4.3x 10-2 S/cm.