The study was carried out on analysis of perceived causes and factors influencing vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 360 respondents from the study areas of Northern, Southern and Central Senatorial districts of Kaduna State. Data were collected through structure questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive (mean, frequency distribution, percentages and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (logistics regression). The results showed that 80.6% and 91.6% of the vegetable farmers and pastoralists were found to be male, majority (80.2%) and (86.1%) were married farmers and pastoralists, respectively. Also, the vegetable famers and pastoralists had relatively higher education of 34.1% and 31.8%, respectively. A grand mean of 3.79 was revealed as the perceived causes of vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts meaning there was persistence conflicts in the study area. So, the results disclosed the major causes of farmer-pastoralists conflicts to include influx of migrant herders/transhumance and night grazing (= 4.32), inadequate grazing reserve (= 4.25) and destruction of crop by animals (= 4.24) as perceived by vegetable farmers. However, the pastoralists perceived major causes of conflicts to include inadequate grazing reserve (= 4.44), destruction crops by animals (= 4.21) and encroaching grazing reserves (= 4.11). The results of logit regression on factors influencing farmers-pastoralists showed that age, and widow, number of livestock were found to be positively significant (P≤0.01), respectively. Household size, educational level and farm size were significant (P≤0.05) in influencing conflicts. The coefficient (-0.16) of number of livestock was found to be negative but significant (P≤0.01) implying that as number of livestock increases, the tendency to participate in a conflict also increases.it was concluded that vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts in the study was mostly influenced by age, education level, household size, farm size and number of livestock. The study recommended that grazing areas should be provided for pastoralists as a means of preventing farmers and pastoralist conflicts like the ranching (ruga) policy by the federal government and private partners.

This study examined socio-economic indicators and risks of cotton contract farmers in eastern agricultural zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to purposively and randomly select 122 respondents from the study area. Interview and questionnaire methods were used in the data collection and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square). The results disclosed that 64.7% of cotton contract farmers were between the ages of 20-29 years, single (70.5%), majority (72.1%) acquired tertiary education, 89.3% had contact farming experience of nine years and majority (81.1%) and (86.9%) had household size of 5-9 persons and land owned by inheritance, respectively. Many (46.7%) of the farmers perceived price stability as the benefits for their participation in cotton contract farming and majority (68.9%) learnt about cotton contract farming from extension agents and Agricultural Development Projects. The findings further showed a significant (χ2 = 56.246, P<0.05) relationship between farmers participation in cotton contract farming and sex. The chi-square results revealed that there was significant (χ2 = 97.155, P<0.05) relationship between farmers participation in cotton contract farming and educational levels. The study concluded that there was significant relationship between farmer’s participation in cotton contract farming and their socio-economic variables such as sex, marital status, highest education level attained, contact with extension agent and the perceived benefits. The study recommended regular dissemination of information to the cotton contract farmers in the study area in order to take advantage of comparative advantages and price stability.