T HE reduction of sulfate ions from the industrial wastewater using advanced calcium-aluminum precipitation method (ACAPM) has been evaluated. The ACAPM involved the precipitation of sulfate ions as minerals like gypsum and ettringite via calcium/ aluminum compounds. Factors affecting the reduction of sulfate ions such as: pH, Ca(OH) 2 and NaAlO 2 dosages have been investigated, while the optimal experimental conditions for sulfate ions reduction were determined. The precipitated solids have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Experimental results indicate that the ACAPM was effectively reduced sulfate with removal efficiency exceed 98%. It also effectively removed heavy metals including: Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn & Zn, with removal efficiencies up to 99%. Results showed that the ACAPM has remarkable sulfate ions removal efficiency with high concentrations.

71T REATED effluent from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) offers significant water demand in all areas of activities in rural farm. This research evaluates the reuse of secondary treated wastewater (STWW) for irrigating crops, fresh vegetables and feeding fish farm. Physico-chemical, heavy metals and cytogenetic have been investigated. Intensive analyses of crops seeds, vegetables components, soil, dried sludge and fish organisms have been carried out. Results showed that the characteristics of secondary treated wastewater can be used for crops plantation and fish farming. Cytogenetic studies using Alliums' bio-tests were investigated. The concentrations of each: Cr, Pb, Co, Se, Ni, Cu, and Zn in STWW was less than 0.1 mg/l. Carbon content, nitrogen, and phosphorous were: 6.0; 1.2; and 0.1 mg/l, respectively fulfilling the requirements C: N: P ratios for plant growth. Results showed also that the irrigated crops and vegetables exhibited good growth. Analyses of roots, stems, leaves, seeds and sludge showed metals concentrations were within the permissible range. Tilapia fish showed noticeable vitality. Parasitological examination of fish revealed no parasitic cysts detected in the skin, gills and intestine, respectively. It showed no bacterial strains isolated from fish tissues. Macroscopically parameters as root length and shape look normal and healthy, while microscopically parameters showed no change of mitotic index, RDR, phase index, chromosomal aberrations of the bioassay plant tissues and do not stimulate specific type of chromosomal aberrations as well as percentage of chromosomal aberrations. All studied parameters were found in normal limits when compared with control values. This indicated the efficiency of the treatment system; hence STWW has no mutagenicity or cytotoxicity effects. Examined parameters in this study were found in normal limits if compared with trigger levels of treated wastewater.

The present work is representing an integrated solar power system for greenhouses irrigation system using treated surface mixed water, with 75% fresh water and 25% drainage irrigation water in North Delta, Egypt. The agricultural lands in the studied areas are divided into small agricultural blocks each unit is 5 Feddans. The current study includes a full assessment of the current water quality of the source from El-Sheikha canal facing the land area that considers the main irrigation source. A suitable water treatment plant was designed with a complete treatability study has been setup to irrigate the studied area. Based on the results of the chosen parameters of raw water analysis; a complete irrigation system to cover the water demand for irrigating of 46 green houses in the selected area in 5 Feddans has been designed. A convenient design for 46 greenhouses with standard dimensions of 8.0 m (W) x 40.0 m (L) x 4.10 m (H) using multi span is optimized that lead to increase the overall production income of similar areas. The total dynamic head including suction, delivery and friction heads is estimated. Consequently, the irrigation pump power is designed and a solar water pumping system for the selected irrigation systems was designed including the photovoltaic modules' area, number and power. Finally, it is found that the integrated system for the current model is representing the ideal scenario for this type of farm and location. It can be considered as a pilot guide for small farmers and young graduates whom are interesting in agricultural projects in Egypt to optimize the benefits from soil and water units, and to improve quality and maximize the yield products in national and international markets.

Green hydrogen (GH) is considered one of the best environmental alternatives fuel in the coming decades. GH is produced from natural solar energy and water resources. Although water is available in most countries, but sun is restricted in some regions along the year. Electrolysis process has a potential technology for clean and sustainable source of energy. It is also the best alternative to produce valuable hydrogen fuel (HF) from solar energy. The current study presents a theoretical analysis of designing a small-scale hydrogen generation unit containing two electrolyzers with 100 cells and 40 cm plate diameter to produce 75 kg H 2 /day with consumed electric energy of 3360 kWh and 675 liter water/day, respectively. For designing a large-scale hydrogen generation plant with 280 ton/day (102,200 ton/year), the required electric power can be estimated as 618,333 kW (618.3 MW). Consequently; the electric energy consumption in MWh required can be estimated as 14,840 MWh and the required daily water consumed in m 3 /day can be estimated as 2,520m 3 /day. Considering the price of 1.0 kg of GH equals 3 USD, the cash flow diagram, showed that the project can recover the invested budget (2,259,390,903 USD) within 8 years and earn a remarkable profit of 5,115,728,534 USD after 25 years. This means that the investment in green hydrogen production projects is highly profitable as hydrogen can be sold as direct fuel, energy carrier or to be reacted with nitrogen to produce green ammonia where can be utilized as fertilizers and other useful industrial applications.

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