The findings are contrary to the conventional knowledge in that the vertebrae shaping the coccyx were completely fused and consisting of a single bone in very few cases. Better understanding of the anatomical variation of the coccyx may be useful for clinicians evaluating patients presenting with conditions in the coccygeal region.

Background: The face is a complicated structure configurations of which are originated and components integrated during the developmental stages. Almost the whole of face is formed by neural crest cells migrating from the edge of the cranial neural folds to the pharyngeal arcus. Brain is an asymmetric organ both functionally and anatomically. While the left hemisphere is dominant in processing the verbal, mathematical and logical information, the right hemisphere is dominant in processing the perceptual, visible, spatial and artistic information. The functional differences in the left and right brain hemispheres might also cause differences in facial regions developing from the same centres as telencephalon during embryonic period. Therefore; we aimed to perform linear anthropometric measurements and determine whether functional asymmetry of brain creates any change in facial linear measurements, on the faces of students of painting and mathematics departments whose skills are different from each other. Materials and methods: This study was performed on 212 students. A total number of 22 measurements from 17 anthropometric points for each student were done. Measurements were carried out between November 2011 and February 2012. Results: Our findings revealed that there were statistically significant differences between two student groups in the face width, intercanthal distance, mandibular width, nose width, upper lip height and philtrum length. The comparison of genders revealed that there were statistically significant differences between all measured parameters. In addition, all students from both departments had euryprosopic face type when face type points were compared. Conclusions: Those differences might be related to the functional asymmetry of brain. Therefore it could be suggested that the functional asymmetry of brain could cause an asymmetry in the face as well as in the linear anthropometric measurements.

(Folia Morphol 2014; 73, 1: 84-86)

164T he internal jugular vein (IJV) is the largest structure in the neck and drains the venous blood from the cranium, the facial region and the neck. It proceeds in the carotid sheath together with the common carotid artery before combining with the subclavian vein on the sternal side of the clavicle. The IJV is a significant landmark that is encountered during dissection of the cervical lymph nodes in oncological surgery, central venous catheter insertion, and interventional radiological procedures; familiarity with the probable anatomical variations of the IJV and those of its neighbouring structures is important (1-3). In this report, a male patient, in whom quite a large extraordinary fenestration was detected in the left IJV during multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), is presented in the light of MDCT findings and the literature. Case reportA 47-year-old male patient was presented to the emergency room after he was involved in a motor vehicular accident. He did not have any other complaints except pain in the cervical region. The patient was referred to the radiology department. Because physical examination revealed significant tenderness, pain and restricted motion of the neck, cervical vertebral injury and accompanying vertebral artery injury was suspected; therefore, 16-slice MDCT (Brilliance, Philips Medical Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) imaging was performed after the adminstration of intravenous contrast medium. The scan parameters were 120 kV, 340 mAs, and 420 ms rotation time with a slice thickness of 1 mm and increments of 0.5 mm, using a detector collimation of 16×0.75 mm (pitch, 0.2). A hundred milliliters of nonionic, iodinated, low-osmolar contrast medium (Iomeron 350 mgI/ mL, Bracco, Milan, Italy) was injected through the antecubital vein at a rate of 5 mL/s. An automatic bolus-tracking method was used to optimize visualization. Multiplanar reconstruction and three-dimensional (3D) volume-rendered (VR) images were obtained from CT images performed in the axial plane at a separate workstation to display osseous structures. On coronal multiplanar reformation MDCT and 3D VR MDCT angiography images, a large fenestration with tortuous appearance was detected in the left IJV (Fig.). Because there were connections between the two vessels at the proximal and distal ends, we diagnosed this as an extraordinary fenestration of the left IJV. The IJV was equal in diameter above and below the fenestration. No additional abnormality of the other cervical vessels was identified. As the patient was found not to have any other pathologies except IJV fenestration on the examinations, he was followed-up for 24 hours in the emergency room and discharged after being informed about the vascular anomaly. ABSTRACT Fenestration of the internal jugular vein is a rare malformation. Herein, the authors describe an extreme fenestration of the left internal jugular vein. This anomaly was found incidentally in a 47-year-old male patient undergoing multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging and MDCT angiogr...

Background: Pneumatisation of the inferior turbinate (PIT) is a rare abnormality of the paranasal sinus. It is very difficult to differentiate from the hypertrophia of the inferior turbinate clinically. Thus, it is important to be considered, especially in cases with no response to medical treatments. We aimed to investigate the presence and the frequency of PIT by computed tomography (CT). Materials and methods: A total of 2905 cases (1381 female, 1524 male) with an age range between 16 and 84 were included. Results: The pneumatisation of the inferior turbinate was observed in 1.72% of the cases with a percentage of 1.88% in women and 1.57% in men. In PIT (+) cases the bilaterality was found in 54% of them. According to the subtypes, 70% was lamellar, 28% was bullous and 2% was extensive. No statistically significant difference was found for age distribution. The most commonly associated variations were the pneumatisation of the middle and upper turbinate and the septal deviation. Conclusions: The pneumatisation of the inferior turbinate is a rare variation with a similar frequency among men and women. It is diagnosed by CT and when symptomatic, the optimal treatment is surgery. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 3: 621-625)