The development of a facial expression scale using footrot and mastitis as models of pain in sheep Article Title: Development of a facial expression scale using footrot and mastitis as models of pain in Trained observers reliably and accurately used the SPFES to detect pain in sheep.Treatment of disease reduced the total facial pain score of adult sheep.Total pain scores positively correlated with lesion and lameness scores.

Highlights 1. There are conceptual and methodological problems for animal pain assessment 2. Facial expression scales are valid, reliable pain recognition and evaluation tools 3. Consistent and careful development of facial expression scales is required 4. Facial expression scales need feasibility testing to aid use in clinical practice 5. Guidelines are provided for development and use of facial expression scales Conceptual and methodological issues relating to pain assessment in mammals: the development and utilisation of pain facial expression scales.

Broom D. M., M. J. Corke: Effects of Disease on Farm Animal Welfare. Acta Vet. Brno, 2002, 71: 133-136. Health is an important part of welfare and whenever an animal is diseased, welfare is poorer than when there is no disease. This point is often not recognised adequately by those studying animal welfare. Also, the full extent of the effects of clinically diagnosed disease on the welfare of the animal is seldom quantified. This quantification of the extent of poor welfare during disease is important for farm animals because of our general obligations to the animals. In order to fully evaluate the impact of housing conditions and management procedures on the animals and then decide what is acceptable, disease must be taken into account. One example of clinical disease conditions which are very significant causes of poor welfare concerns leg disorders such as tibial dyschondroplasia and femoral head necrosis in broiler chickens. A second example is the dairy cow in which the major welfare problems result from the various leg disorders and mastitis. A third example, in which there has been some quantification of effects on welfare, is sheep scab. For farm animals, other animals which we use, and for humans the evaluation of the extent of poor welfare during clinical disease is a major research area which needs to be developed. Health disease, welfare, broiler leg disorders, metabolic disease, sheep scab

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Skin disease in goats is not uncommon, and many skin diseases have been reported in the UK goat population (Jackson 1986). However, the recent globalisation of trade in animals and animal products has resulted in incursions of novel diseases into Europe, some of which are potential threats to goat herds in the UK. This article focuses on diseases that occur commonly, those presenting particular diagnostic or therapeutic difficulties, and those that appear to be current threats to the UK goat herds.