Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by DEP mediates upregulation of IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP with Th2 activation, potentially linking environmental pollution and allergic severe asthma.

A Streptomyces spp. culture was isolated and identified. Its filtrate was found to be able to destroy ORSV and CYmMV virus coat protein, and could be used to reduce the transmission of plant virus disease in vivo, in our previous study. We also tested and found that it can destroy the coat proteins of 13 other of plant viruses, suggesting that the mechanism of action is not specific to a few plant viruses. Aim: To test if this culture filtrate can destroy or affect the infectivity of non-plant viruses. Materials and methods: Streptomyces spp. were cultured in soybean-based culture medium for 14 days, and the culture was collected and filtered. T4 phage infection of E. coli was used as a model. E. coli was cultured on 0.75% TSA agar plates. The T4 phage was incubated with various concentrations of Streptomyces spp culture filtrate for 30 minutes, before adding to the E. coli lawn. Culture filtrates of two strains, the C5-6 and the SML-1, were used. T4 phage incubated with 300 ppm virusbom (a known anti-viral agent) was used as a positive control. The formation of T4 lysis colony was calculated for the plaque-forming unit (PFU). Results: The dilution of 1 in 8 of the culture filtrates reduced the number of phage colony on E. coli lawn. The infectivity was significantly reduced when T4 was incubated with the culture filtrate at 1/8 dilution when compared to the non-treated groups. The virusbom treated PFU was significantly reduced, in comparison with C5-6 treated group (P=0.013), and with SML-1 treated group (P=0.028) as per ANOVA test followed by Tukey post-hoc comparison. Summary: These data demonstrated that culture filtrates of Streptomyces spp. reduced T4 to E. coli infectivity and suggested that the anti-viral compounds in the filtrate is not specific to plant viruses. The application of the culture filtrate and its content might have broader applications.