An epidemiological investigation of the temporomandibular joint in 800 persons was undertaken, including two groups of 400 persons aged 15-18 and 19-22 years. The numbers of boys and girls was about the same. Interview and clinical examination comprised morphological and functional features of the stomatognathic system. The TMJ examination carried out included mandibular movements, pain and sound symptoms. The results of the examinations were noted, counted by electronic methods and statistically analysed. From the material, two groups were selected: without TMJ symptoms (OTMJ group) and with TMJ disorders (TMJ group). TMJ disorders were evident in 67.62% of the examined persons and this was common to both age groups. In groups with TMJ disorders a significant incidence of girls was found. In groups with TMJ disorders the number of statistically significant pathological features in the stomatognathic system increased with age. TMJ disorders appeared in both age groups in various forms, separately or in combination, with different frequency. With reference to the number and kind of symptoms obtained on interview and/or on clinical examination, four degrees of intensity of TMJ disorders have been defined and their incidence discussed.

Aim. Presenting the benefits of easy and accessible slow jogging, low-intensity running, in reducing cardiovascular risk factors, preventing sarcopenia, improving aerobic fitness, but also improving athletes’ performance. Materials and methods. The work is of review nature. A comparison has been summarised regarding a review of research was carried out, which justifies the benefits of using low- and moderate-intensity runs for some civilization diseases. The assumption is that slow jogging does not dictate a constant speed, but it is intuitive to switch from walking to running at an average speed of 6-7 km/h (preferred transition speed, PTS). In view of the-above, slow jogging was defined as a jog at a slower speed than PTS for amateurs (beginners) and running at a lower speed than at the lactate threshold in athletes. Results. The energy expenditure of the run is twice as high as the energy expenditure of walking at the same speed and the same degree of perceptible effort, making slow jogging one of the best and easily available methods for use in weight-loss programmes. Slow jogging at the lactate threshold level also reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and improves overall physical fitness. For athletes, it can be a contactless method for regenerating the body after intense exercise and improving results due to fat loss and improving mitochondrial functions. During the weekly programme of health tourism, based on slow jogging training, a reduction in body fat by 3% of body mass was observed, and in athletes, 3% improvement was noted. Conclusions. Jogging has been a daily human activity since the dawn of time, until the development of motorisation meant that it ceased to be needed. In parallel, society began to gain weight and decline in health due to reduced physical activity and poor nutrition. Slow jogging can contribute to a renaissance of physical activity and a healthier society.

Introduction: We need to reevaluate exercise habits and exercise intensity in order to improve our health. We examined a new exercise pattern termed "slow jogging with turns", which incorporates turns as an extra load in addition to jogging. This study aim to estimate Mets to create a home-exercise protocol.

Insects are by far the most speciose and also one of the most intensively studied animal groups on earth. To contribute to a recent effort in reviewing and revalidating morphological and molecular data sets for the reconstruction of insect interordinal phylogeny, we turned our attention to structural and ontogenetic traits of the visual system. Discussed is a suite of characters, nine of which are proposed to show phylogenetically informative differences between insect orders. Of these, three (second mitotic wave, retina blood border, indirect ocellus innervation) relate to basal diversifi cation events in the Pterygota. Four character states represent autapomorphies of the Endopterygota (optic lobe invagination, possession of stemma, stemmata derived adult brain photoreceptors, and postembryonic progressive eye development). Lastly, the spatially undissociated lobula plate in hymenopteran representatives like honey bee, which contrasts with the well separated lobula plate in other endopterygotan orders, is discussed as possibly indicating a basal position of the Hymenoptera in the Endopterygota.

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