Abstract. Molecular structures appear to be natural candidates for a quantum technology: individual atoms can support quantum superpositions for long periods, and such atoms can in principle be embedded in a permanent molecular scaffolding to form an array. This would be true nanotechnology, with dimensions of order of a nanometre. However, the challenges of realising such a vision are immense. One must identify a suitable elementary unit and demonstrate its merits for qubit storage and manipulation, including input / output. These units must then be formed into large arrays corresponding to an functional quantum architecture, including a mechanism for gate operations. Here we report our efforts, both experimental and theoretical, to create such a technology based on endohedral fullerenes or 'buckyballs'. We describe our successes with respect to these criteria, along with the obstacles we are currently facing and the questions that remain to be addressed.
The spleen is critical for host defense against pathogens, including Plasmodium falciparum. It has a dual role, not only removing aged or antigenically altered erythrocytes from the blood but also as the major lymphoid organ for blood-borne or systemic infections. The human malaria parasite P. falciparum replicates within erythrocytes during asexual blood stages and causes repeated infections that can be associated with severe disease. In spite of the crucial role of the spleen in the innate and acquired immune response to malaria, there is little information on the pathology of the spleen in human malaria. We performed a histological and quantitative immunohistochemical study of spleen sections from Vietnamese adults dying from severe falciparum malaria and compared the findings with the findings for spleen sections from control patients and patients dying from systemic bacterial sepsis. Here we report that the white pulp in the spleens of patients dying from malaria showed a marked architectural disorganization. We observed a marked dissolution of the marginal zones with relative loss of B cells. Furthermore, we found strong HLA-DR expression on sinusoidal lining cells but downregulation on cordal macrophages. P. falciparum infection results in alterations in splenic leukocytes, many of which are not seen in sepsis.
This study was undertaken to determine the distribution of these molecules on endothelial cells throughout human tissues. The aim ofthis study was to determine whether one or more of these antibodies to vascular associated antigens might be better for the identification of endothelium in health and disease than FVIIIRA alone.
We present polarized two-photon excitation (TPE) spectra, including Zeeman data, for europium(III) in the elpasolites Cs 2 NaEuCl 6 and Cs 2 NaYF 6 :Eu 3+ . Approximately 80 and 60 levels of unambiguous symmetry have been assigned respectively in each compound up to 32 000 cm −1 with the aid of a one-electron crystal field Hamiltonian. This represents the most complete and extensive data set so far reported for Eu(III) at a cubic site. Comparisons are made between comparable data sets for Eu(III) f 6 and Tb(III) f 8 . Deviations from the predictions of the one-electron crystal field model are discussed in terms of the spin correlation crystal field.
Er 3 N@C 80 exhibits sharp optical emission lines in the near-infrared attributed to fluorescence from the Er 3+ ion. Here we demonstrate that high magnetic fields cause this spectrum to split, corresponding to transitions from the lowest field-split Kramers doublet of the 4 I 13/2 manifold to the four lowest field-split levels of the 4 I 15/2 manifold. The internal structure of these fullerenes can be spatially aligned with a preferred orientation under high magnetic field; the effect of alignment is to reduce the broadening associated with the isotropic spatial averaging characteristic of powder or frozen-solution spectra. Using a tunable 1.5 µm laser, we directly observe non-cage-mediated optical interactions with the Er 3+ ion. This spectroscopic method provides the opportunity to map the energy level structure of the incarcerated ion and to coherently control its quantum state. These qualities suggest that rare-earth endohedral fullerenes have characteristics that could be employed as a readout pathway for fullerene-based quantum information processing.
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