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This paper primarily focuses on the effect of feed to inoculum ratio on biogas digestion; and outlines the various feeds, inoculums, and synergistic effects of the combination of inoculums by referring to the literature. The Start-up of an anaerobic digestion system is highly critical and pivotal for the successful operation of an anaerobic digester. For this purpose, a certain amount of inoculum is added to the digester along with the substrate to provide the necessary microorganisms to initiate the digestion process. The ratio and the type of inoculum used substantially affect the rate of biodegradation and the lag time. The degradation of substrate depends on the concentration of microorganisms. When food waste was considered as the feed it was found that factors such as waste oil content, the addition of alkaline buffer, particle size, organic loading rate had a considerable effect on the feed to inoculum ratio. Studies considering some other feeds such as animal by products from piggery slaughterhouses, poultry slaughterhouse wastes, agro-industrial waste, anaerobically digested sludge obtained from municipal wastewater, and dewatered digestate cake were also compared. Hence, the objective of this study is to offer an integrated view of the appropriate feed and the inoculum under the effect of various other essential parameters. The major performance indicators from this study were found to be particle size of inoculum, organic loading rate, the addition of alkaline buffer, F/I ratio, and structure of inoculum

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Petroleum reserves are dwindling day by day, making the conversion of natural gas into other chemicals and fuels the major step in maintaining the fuel supplies and furthermore in contributing for the sustainable economic growth. Many a processes can be employed to achieve it but, compared to all the energy-intensive syn-gas formation techniques, the direct route that converts methane into higher hydrocarbons in one step employing oxidative coupling of methane is intensively studied here. This paper entirely focuses on reviewing the OCM technology in membrane reactor using the parametrical analysis procedure. In regards to which, parameters employed in the process such as temperature, feed ratio for different catalyst combinations are taken into consideration, owing to which the yield obtained and corresponding methane conversions are studied. The amount of impact these parameters have on the OCM process in the membrane reactor is analyzed by determining the effect percentages of the parameters individually using statistical analysis technique. The results make way for the formation of a hierarchical order of parameters, which gives a clarified view over the technique for the further developments to take place.

The present work is intended to prepare manganese doped cobalt oxide electrodes on copper and porous copper substrate by electrodeposited technique. Structural, morphological and electrochemical characterizations of the prepared samples were examined by using XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR and electrochemical measurements. Structural studies confirm MnCo3O4 Film has face centred cubic (FCC) with polycrystalline nature. Morphological observation of the prepared films confirms the formation of nano flake like structures on copper substrates and nano rod like structures on copper porous substrates. The electrochemical performance of MnCo3O4 electrode was tested by cyclic voltammetry, impedance and Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. Cyclic voltammetry observation shows films deposited on copper substrates has mixed capacitive behaviour with maximum specific capacitance of 1020 F/g and films deposited on porous copper substrates has specific capacitance of 1467 F/g at the scan rate of 10 mV/s in 1M KOH electrolyte.