Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has had a major breakthrough with the impressive results obtained using systems of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has a huge potential in astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology. CTA is an international initiative to build the next generation instrument, with a factor of 5-10 improvement in sensitivity in the 100 GeV-10 TeV range and the extension to energies well below 100 GeV and above 100 TeV. CTA will consist of two arrays (one in the north, one in the south) for full sky coverage and will be operated as open observatory. The design of CTA is based on currently available technology. This document reports on the status and presents the major design concepts of CTA.

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a new observatory for very high-energy (VHE) gamma rays. CTA has ambitions science goals, for which it is necessary to achieve full-sky coverage, to improve the sensitivity by about an order of magnitude, to span about four decades of energy, from a few tens of GeV to above 100 TeV with enhanced angular and energy resolutions over existing VHE gamma-ray observatories. An international collaboration has formed with more than 1000 members from 27 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. In 2010 the CTA Consortium completed a Design Study and started a three-year Preparatory Phase which leads to production readiness of CTA in 2014. In this paper we introduce the science goals and the concept of CTA, and provide an overview of the project. ?? 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

This article discusses the problems of exhaust gas emissions in the context of the possibility of their reduction through the use of fuels with hydrogen as an additive or hydrotreatment. These fuels, thanks to their properties, may be a suitable response to more and more demanding restrictions on exhaust emissions. The use of such fuels in reactivity controlled dual fuel engines (RCCI) is currently the most effective way of using them in internal combustion (IC) engines. Low-temperature combustion in this type of engine allows the use of all modern fuels intended for combustion engines with high thermal efficiency. Thermal efficiency higher than in classic engines allows for additional reduction of CO2 emissions. In this work, the research on this subject was compiled, and conclusions were drawn as to further possibilities of popularizing the use of these fuels in a wide spectrum of applications and the prospect of using them on a mass scale.

The paper presents the problem of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the operating parameters of a modern internal combustion engine with compression ignition. A literature analysis of the results of investigations of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the filling, power and fuel consumption of carburetor and diesel engines with classical injection system was carried out. It was shown that each increase in the air filter pressure drop Δpf by 1 kPa results in an average decrease in engine power by SI 1–1.5% and an increase in specific fuel consumption by about 0.7. For compression ignition engines, the values are 0.4–0.6% decrease in power and 0.3–0.5% increase in specific fuel consumption. The values of the permissible resistance of the air filter flow Δpfdop determined from the condition of 3% decrease in engine power are given, which are at the level of 2.5–4.0 kPa—passenger car engines, 4–7 kPa—truck engines and 9–12 kPa—special purpose vehicles. Possibilities of decreasing the pressure drop of the inlet system, which result in the increase of the engine filling and power, were analyzed. The program and conditions of dynamometer engine tests were worked out in respect to the influence of the air filter pressure drop on the operation parameters of the six-cylinder engine of the swept volume Vss = 15.8 dm3 and power rating of 226 kW. Three technical states of the air filter were modeled by increasing the pressure drop of the filter element. For each technical state of the air filter, measurements and calculations of engine operating parameters, including power, hourly and specific fuel consumption, boost pressure and temperature, were carried out in the speed range n = 1000–2100 rpm. It was shown that the increase in air filter pressure drop causes a decrease in power (9.31%), hourly fuel consumption (7.87%), exhaust temperature (5.1%) and boost pressure (3.11%). At the same time, there is an increase in specific fuel consumption (2.52%) and the smoke of exhaust gases, which does not exceed the permissible values resulting from the technical conditions for admission of vehicles to traffic.

Article citation info: (*) Tekst artykułu w polskiej wersji językowej dostępny w elektronicznym wydaniu kwartalnika na stronie www.ein.org.pl IntroductionLiquid fuels are the most important source of energy on modern battlefield. Availability of fuels decides about mobility of the army, effectiveness of weapons or other support equipment and delivery of needed amount of supplies. Realisation of increasing requirements of fighting troops in fuels or lubrication oils is one of the most important problems of logistic supplying of a battlefield. It is calculated, that mean use of fuel and lubrication oil may reach 30 kg per one soldier per day [4,11]. The delivery of such a big quantity of supplies to the army, in terms of enemy interaction on communication systems and supplying infrastructure is an enormous sophisticated problem. It is why there is a trend to standardize all sorts of fuels in the army. For instance NATO introduced F-34 unified fuel for battlefield. As the effect it was decided to unify fuels for reciprocating and turbine internal combustion engines used in land vehicles and on land operating planes. Fuels known as F-34/35 were introduced. It has the same base components as plane fuel JP8 (JET-A1). It's final quality is the effect of using additive components added to the base fuel before final distribution of fuel to a vehicle's tank.Nowadays the F-34/35 fuel is taken as unified battlefield fuel for all diesel engines of NATO nations. At the end of 20th century the F-34 fuel was taken under investigation, which focused mainly about elder generation engines completed with in-line and rotation injection pumps [2], without engines with high pressure Common rail systems. From the time of introduction that fuel the injection equipment has changed. In-line injection pumps with plungers and barrels injection units are used very rarely. Common Rail and unit injection systems are used instead. In that system injection pressure reaches 140 ÷ 200 MPa. It has a significant change on fuel quantity during injection [7,8,10,13,14]. Terms condition of fuel before injection to combustion chamber are changed relevantly, and temperature is much higher in comparison to classical in-line injection pump.The Common Rail systems are commonly used in engines of cars, low duty and heavy duty trucks, locomotives and vessels as well as combat vehicles, for instance the MTU engines of MT 880 series. In these engines in-line pumps used in earlier version were replaced by CR systems. That systems are widely used in heavy duty trucks, which are in possession of Polish Army (MAN, IVECO).Using raw F-34 fuel to fuel engine equipped with Common Rail system may cause serious change of work parameters. Own investigation of the G9T engine equipped with CR fuelling system led in Military University of Technology [10,11] shows important diminish of KArczewsKi M, szczęch L. influence of the F-34 unified battlefield fuel with bio components on usable parameters of the ic engine. eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc -Maintenance and reliability 2016;...