-Transmission of encephalomyocarditis-virus (EMCV) has been estimated in experiments, but never using field data. In this field study, a farm in Belgium was selected where the presence of EMCV was confirmed by necropsy and virus isolation. Serology was used to estimate the transmission parameter R 0 . In one compartment with 630 pigs, 6 pens were fully sampled, in the remaining 38 pens, 2 randomly selected pigs were bled. The 151 pigs were bled twice and their serum was tested in a virus neutralisation test. Seroprevalence at the first and second sampling was 41 and 43% respectively, with a cut off value of 1:40. R 0 was estimated for 2 scenarios, in-and excluding mortality based on the final sizes from the serological results of the second sampling. The R 0 for the fully sampled pens was estimated between 0.6 and 1.7, the combined estimated R 0 of these 6 pens was 1.36 (95%-CI 0.93-2.23). The median of the estimated R 0 of the partially sampled pens was 1.3 and 1.4. Sampling two pigs per pen provided insight into the spread of the virus in the compartment, while the fully sampled pens provided an accurate estimation of R 0 . The low R 0 strongly suggests that EMCV is not very effectively transmitted between pigs. The number of seropositive pigs in a pen and the spread in the compartment suggests that other routes of infection are more important, in this case most likely rodents. Preventing viral spread should therefore be focussed on rodent control instead of reduction of contact between pigs. encephalomyocarditis virus / pigs / transmission / R 0 / field data
Samenvatting NL Op verzoek van het ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit heeft Wageningen Livestock Research een evaluatie uitgevoerd onder sectordierenartsen (vleeskalver-, varkens-en melkveehouderij) en toezichthouders (NVWA). In de evaluatie is nagegaan of de herziening van de UDD-regeling d.d.1-1 2017 heeft geleid tot vergroting van de praktische werkbaarheid ervan. De evaluatie was gericht op de herzieningen inzake bedrijfsspecifieke aandoeningen en het op voorraad mogen hebben en inzetten van tweede keuze middelen (antibiotica) voor individuele behandelingen, alsmede op de vrijstellingen voor bedrijven met een structureel laag antibioticumgebruik. Het resultaat geeft inzicht in de veranderingen in praktische werkbaarheid en mogelijkheden voor verdere versterking ervan. Summary UK At the request of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Wageningen Livestock Research has conducted an evaluation among sector veterinarians (veal calf, pig and dairy husbandry) and supervisors (NVWA). The evaluation examined whether the revision of the UDD scheme dated 1-1 January 2017 has increased its practical feasibility. The review focused on the revisions regarding farm-specific diseases and the availability and stockpiling of second-choice antibiotics for individual treatments, as well as exemptions for farms with structurally low antibiotic use. The result provides insight into the changes in practical workability and possibilities for further strengthening it. Dit rapport is gratis te downloaden op https://doi.org/10.18174/522116 of op www.wur.nl/livestock-research (onder Wageningen Livestock Research publicaties).
Samenvatting NL Dit rapport bevat adviezen aan de gemeente Amsterdam hoe te komen tot een reductie van het aantal bijtincidenten met honden en voor haar burgers tot een verhoging van de reële en ervaren veiligheid. Oorzaken van bijtincidenten zijn op basis van de literatuur in kaart gebracht en cijfers over de aard en omvang van bijtincidenten zijn geactualiseerd voor zowel Nederland als voor de gemeente Amsterdam. De geadviseerde maatregelen zijn opgedeeld in twee onderdelen: repressieve maatregelen (advies bijtprotocol), volgend op een bijtincident dat al is opgetreden en bedoeld om herhaling te voorkomen, en preventieve maatregelen, bedoeld om nieuwe bijtincidenten te voorkomen. Tenslotte zijn er adviezen opgenomen aangaande een betere registratie van honden, van bijtincidenten met honden en betreffende de ontwikkeling en het gebruik van een lijst met hoog-risico honden. Summary UK This report contains advice to the municipality of Amsterdam on how to reduce the number of dog bites thus increasing real and perceived safety for its citizens. Causes of dog bites have been identified on the basis of the literature and figures on the nature and extent of biting incidents have been updated for both the Netherlands and the municipality of Amsterdam. The recommended measures are divided into two parts: repressive measures (biting protocol advice), following a bite incident that has already occurred thus preventing recurrence, and preventive measures intended to prevent new bite incidents. Finally, advice has been included regarding better registration of dogs, of bite incidents with dogs and the development and use of a list of high-risk dogs. Dit rapport is gratis te downloaden op https://doi.org/10.18174/428257 of op www.wur.nl/livestock-research (onder Wageningen Livestock Research publicaties).
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