We study time-independent radially symmetric first-order solitons in a CP (2) model interacting with an Abelian gauge field whose dynamics is controlled by the usual Maxwell term. In this sense, we develop a consistent first-order framework verifying the existence of a well-defined lower bound for the corresponding energy. We saturate such a lower bound by focusing on those solutions satisfying a particular set of coupled first-order differential equations. We solve these equations numerically using appropriate boundary conditions giving rise to regular structures possessing finite-energy. We also comment the main features these configurations exhibit. Moreover, we highlight that, despite the different solutions we consider for an auxiliary function β (r) labeling the model (therefore splitting our investigation in two a priori distinct branches), all resulting scenarios engender the very same phenomenology, being physically equivalent.

We investigate the existence of self-dual solitons with internal structure in a gauged Oð3Þ nonlinear sigma model immersed in a dielectric medium generated by a real scalar field (dubbed the source field). We consider rotationally symmetric configurations and applying the Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield formalism to obtain the energy lower bound and the respective first-order differential equations (or selfdual equations). By solving such a system of equations for three different dielectric media, we find the internal structure generates relevant changes in the soliton profiles when compared with the ones obtained without the presence of the dielectric medium.

Millimeter waves is one of 5G networks strategies to achieve high bit rates. Measurement campaigns with these signals are difficult and require expensive equipment. In order to generate realistic data this paper refines a methodology for "virtual" measurements of 5G channels, which combines a simulation of urban mobility with a ray-tracing simulator. The urban mobility simulator is responsible for controlling mobility, positioning pedestrians and vehicles throughout each scene while the ray-tracing simulator is repeatedly invoked, simulating the interactions between receivers and transmitters. The orchestration among both simulators is done using a Python software. To check how the realism can influence the computational cost, it was made a numerical analyse between the number of faces and the simulation time.

We consider nontopological first-order solitons arising from a gauged CP (2) model in the presence of the Maxwell term multiplied by a nontrivial dielectric function. We implement the corresponding first-order scenario by proceeding the minimization of the total energy, this way introducing the corresponding energy lower-bound, such a construction being only possible due to a differential constraint including the dielectric function itself and the self-interacting potential defining the model. We saturate the aforementioned bound by focusing our attention on those solutions fulfilling a particular set of two coupled first-order differential equations. In the sequel, in order to solve these equations, we choose the dielectric function explicitly, also calculating the corresponding self-interacting potential. We impose appropriate boundary conditions supporting nontopological solitons, from which we verify that the energy of final structures is proportional to the magnetic flux they engender, both quantities being not quantized, as expected. We depict the new numerical solutions, whilst commenting on the main properties they present.

We study a gauged CP (2) model with the Chern-Simons term, focusing our attention on those time-independent radially symmetric configurations with nontopological profile. We proceed the minimization of the effective energy in order to introduce the corresponding first-order framework, from which we define a legitimate self-dual scenario. We solve the resulting first-order equations numerically by means of the finite-difference scheme, from which we depict the nontopological solutions. We also identify a special kind of solutions which can be partially described by an analytical treatment.