In this study, the microclimate changes in silvopastoral systems are quantified at different time and spatial scales and compared with single-pasture systems. The study was conducted in a silvopastoral system in São Carlos, Brazil (22°01' South and 47°53' West). The silvopastoral system consisted of grass pastures [Urochloa (sin. Brachiaria) decumbens cv. Basilik] lined with strips of native trees spaced at 17 m. Continuous microclimate measurements (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and incident photosynthetically active radiation) were carried out from September 2010 to September 2012 at two positions of the silvopastoral system (2.0 and 8.5 m from the rows of trees) and at a pasture under full sunlight, located in an adjacent area. The soil moisture was monitored weekly from 24 March 2010 to 1 April 2012 at distances of 0.0, 2.0, 4.75, and 8.5 m from the rows of trees. The rows of native trees reduced wind speeds (46% reduction) and changed the photosynthetically active radiation incidence pattern on the pasture (up to 40% reduction of incidence at the point nearest to the trees). The combined action of these factors promoted thermal and air humidity changes on the pasture at the different points measured. With respect to soil moisture, there was greater soil moisture removal at the sampling points near the rows of native trees under the silvopastoral system, mainly due to enhanced exploration by tree roots at greater depths in dry spells or early dry periods, when compared with the midpoints between the rows.

sobrevivência e o crescimento inicial de 11 espécies arbóreas nativas do Brasil central, plantadas diretamente em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, em Campo Grande, MS. O solo foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho, argiloso e distrófico, onde foi implantado um arboreto com 16 parcelas compostas, cada uma, por um indivíduo das 11 espécies selecionadas, em blocos casualizados (DBC) com quatro repetições. Os espaçamentos em campo foram de 10,0 x 4,0 m. Houve diferenças (P=0,05) entre as médias de sobrevivência das espécies estudadas, indicando influência do estágio sucessional da espécie. Os maiores índices foram de ocorrência nas seguintes espécies: ipê (Tabebuia impetiginosa), caroba (Jacaranda decurrens) e da aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva). As mais altas taxas de crescimento relativo nos 12 meses avaliados foram alcançadas por chico-magro (Guazuma ulmifolia), caroba (J. cuspidifolia) e canafístula (Peltophorum dubium). Houve diferença estatística (P=0,05) entre o crescimento das espécies de estágios sucessionais iniciais (pioneiras) e as de estádios tardios, e tais diferenças acentuaram-se com a idade e com a estação chuvosa. Três espécies que obtiveram as melhores combinações dos acréscimos em altura, diâmetro do colo e sobrevivência foram aptas para o cultivo em pastagens na região dos Cerrados: chicomagro (G. ulmifolia), caroba (J. cuspidifolias) e canafístula (P. dubium), sendo todas três de estágios sucessionais iniciais.Palavras-chave: Arborização de pastagens, sistema silvipastoril e árvores do Cerrado. SURVIVAL AND INITIAL GROWING OF NATIVE TREE SEEDLINGS IN PASTURES OF CENTRAL BRAZIL ABSTRACT -This work aimed to evaluate the rate of survival and the initial development of eleven native tree species established in existing pastures of Brachiaria brizantha at the Beef Cattle Center (Campo Grande, MS). The soil is a dystrophic clay

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SUMMARYGrowing pigs were fed diets supplying 45 % (low), 70% (intermediate) and 100% (high) recommended dietary allowances of calcium (the Ca:P ratio was kept constant), but otherwise adequate in nutrients. The effects of varying calcium and phosphorus intakes on bone and plasma osteocalcin were monitored. Mineral content of the diet did not affect feed conversion and live weight gain. Plasma phosphorus concentrations decreased significantly in pigs fed a low mineral diet compared with those fed the high mineral diet, but there were no changes in plasma calcium and osteocalcin concentrations. Bones from the low mineral group had marked reductions in dry matter, calcium and phosphorus contents, as well as increased collagen, pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline concentrations: osteocalcin concentrations in bone were unaffected by treatment. The results showed no direct link between osteocalcin and the degree of bone mineralization.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e as características biométricas do capimbraquiária (Urochloa decumbens) sob pastejo, em sistema silvipastoril. Avaliou-se um sistema com árvores nativas de interesse comercial, plantadas em renques, no sentido norte-sul, espaçados por 17 m. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e parcelas subdivididas, tendo-se avaliado o ciclo de rebrota da forragem nas parcelas, e a distância desta em relação aos renques, nas subparcelas. Sete ciclos de rebrota foram avaliados, em quatro distâncias dos renques: a 2 e a 6 m do renque leste, e a 2 e a 6 m do renque oeste. Quantificou-se a produtividade de matéria seca, o índice de área foliar (IAF), a área foliar específica (AFE) e a altura das plantas. A produtividade de forragem, nos dois primeiros ciclos, e o IAF, no segundo e no terceiro ciclo, diminuiram com níveis de sombra acima de 39 e 40%, respectivamente. Já a altura de plantas aumentou com sombreamentos superiores a 53%, nos quatro primeiros ciclos; o que também ocorreu com a AFE, com sombreamento superior a 66%, nos três primeiros ciclos.Termos para indexação: Urochloa decumbens, árvores nativas, deficit hídrico, radiação solar, sistemas agroflorestais, sombreamento. Productivity and biometric characteristics of signal grass in a silvopastural systemAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and biometric characteristics of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) under grazing, in a silvopastural system. A system with native trees of commercial interest, planted in a set of rows with north-south orientation, with 17 m spacing was evaluated. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was carried out in a split-plot arrangement, with forage grass regrowth cycles evaluated in the plots and distances from trees in the subplots. Seven regrowth cycles were evaluated at four distances of the set of tree rows: at 2 and 6 m from trees at east, and at 2 and 6 m from trees at west. Dry matter productivity, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), and plant height were measured. Forage productivity in the first two cycles and LAI in the second and third cycles reduced with shading levels higher than 39 and 40%, respectively. However, plant height increased with shadings greater than 53%, in the first four cycles, and SLA with shadings greater than 66%, in the first three cycles.