Editor-We investigated, in a double-blind randomized control study, the effect of a ketamine gargle to attenuate postoperative sore throat (POST) in 44 adult ASA I or II patients undergoing elective gynaecological procedures. The patients had 30 s gargling with either 20 ml of normal saline (Group C: control, n¼22) or ketamine 40 mg in 20 ml normal saline (Group K: ketamine, n¼22). Anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl, propofol, and rocuronium, 5-10 min after gargling. Maintenance of anaesthesia was with oxygen-air mixture and sevoflurane. Titrated boluses of morphine were given according to clinical requirements during surgery. The same anaesthetist performed all intubations and extubations. During surgery, blood samples were collected at intervals for ketamine and norketamine analysis. At the end of the study period, serum samples from five patients in Group K, randomly selected, were assayed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. After extubation, POST was assessed at 0 (on arrival at the post-anaesthetic care unit), 2, and 24 h using a four-point grading scale (none, 0; mild, 1; moderate, 2; and severe, 3). POST was significantly reduced in Group K compared with Group C (P,0.05) at 0 and 2 h after surgery but not at 24 h (P¼0.498). There was significantly less moderate-to-severe POST in Group K at 0 h. Ketamine gargle has been reported to attenuate POST for 24 h post-surgery. 1 We observed significant reduction in POST at 0 and 2 h post-surgery but not at 24 h. The reported ketamine level to relieve tourniquet pain after an i.v. bolus was .100 ng ml 21. 2 The analgesic effect from oral administration of ketamine was at a lower mean plasma concentration of ketamine 40 ng ml 21 , presumably due to the higher norketamine levels (160 ng ml 21). 3 In this study, blood samples were obtained during intraoperatively, but POST was assessed post-surgery when ketamine concentrations are likely to be lower. Systemic absorption and the possibility of swallowing the residual solution would contribute to the ketamine in the blood. The highest average ketamine and norketamine concentrations, 16.16 and 11.43 ng ml 21 , respectively (Table 1), were detected during surgery but would have decreased after the surgery. These low levels suggested that it was unlikely that systemic absorption played a major role for the reduction of POST. A topical effect is possible. We conclude that pre-induction ketamine gargle can attenuate POST in the early postoperative period. Drug levels detected were much lower than reported measurements for analgesia after oral and parenteral administration.
