The corneal stroma is the major barrier to penetration for the lipophilic Cyclosporine A (CsA) molecule and prevents the use of the common ophthalmic solvents. At present, corn oil, castor oil and olive oil are the three most commonly used vehicles. The aim of this study was to determine the effect that topically applied CsA dissolved in different oils has on corneal epithelial permeability measured by fluorophotometry. Forty healthy volunteers, with absence of ocular or systemic disease and not receiving topical or systemic drugs were enrolled. Measurements were taken before and 45 min after the instillation of 40 microliters of a 2% aqueous solution of sodium fluorescein without preservatives. Basal corneal permeability and the permeability 24 h after the instillation of 2% CsA-olive oil, olive oil alone, 2% CsA-castor oil, castor oil alone, 2% CsA-corn oil and corn oil alone, were calculated. To prepare the topical 2% CsA, a Sandimmun oral solution (Sandoz, Basel, Switzerland) was employed under sterile conditions. We found that epithelial permeability 24 h after the instillation of any CsA formulations or solvents increased more than 6.62 times (p <0.001). No differences in corneal permeability values were found between any of the CsA formulations and the vehicles. We conclude that oils used to dissolve CsA are mainly responsible for the increased corneal epithelial permeability. No differences were found in the effects of the tested solvents on corneal epithelial permeability.
M. ¿Evaluamos y controlamos adecuadamente a los hipertensos atendidos en atención primaria? Estudio HICAP. An Med Interna (Madrid) 2007; 24: 312-316.
RESUMENObjetivos: Valorar el riesgo cardiovascular global y el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población hipertensa atendida en Atención Primaria.Métodos: Estudio transversal y multicéntrico, en el que cada investigador incluyó datos de 5 hipertensos consecutivos que acudieron a consulta y que contaban con una analítica y un electrocardiograma realizado en los 6 meses previos. La estimación del riesgo cardiovascular, valoración del control de la presión arterial y la diabetes mellitus se realizó según la ESH-ESC 2003, mientras que la valoración del control de la dislipemia se realizó según el NECP 2001 (ATP III).Resultados: 1288 médicos de Atención Primaria incluyeron 6719 pacientes, de los que 6375 fueron válidos para el análisis. El 64,5% (IC95%: 63,3-65,7) de los hipertensos atendidos en las consultas de Atención Primaria presentaba un riesgo cardiovascular alto o muy alto.La hipertensión estaba controlada en el 39,3% (IC95%: 38,1-40,5) de la población general, y en el 10,5% (IC95%: 9,1-11,9) de los diabéti-cos; la diabetes mellitus en el 37,3% (IC95%: 35-38,7), y la dislipemia en el 18,8% (IC95%: 17,6-20), observándose que este control era más bajo en los pacientes con mayor riesgo cardiovascular.Conclusiones: Los resultados evidencian el elevado porcentaje de hipertensos que presentan un alto riesgo cardiovascular. El grado de control de los factores de riesgo, especialmente en los pacientes con mayor riesgo cardiovascular, es insuficiente.
PC physicians behaviour was conservative in uncontrolled hypertension cases. Amongst the doctors who modified their behaviour, by inadequate blood pressure control, the change of drug was the decision most adopted.
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