Background Cells obtained from bronchoalveolar space can give a definite diagnosis in malignancies. The present study aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in lung cancer and to assess the relationship of its yield with radiology, endoscopy, and pathological subtypes. Patients and methods A retrospective study with re-revision of saved bronchoscopic video, computed tomography (CT) films, and pathology slides was conducted on 101 patients with definite bronchogenic carcinoma diagnosed over 4 years. Results BAL positive yield was found in 42.4% of cases, and its yield coincided with other bronchoscopic sampling methods in 43.6% of cases. Regarding CT findings, the BAL positive yield was significantly higher in peripheral lesions (79.1%), mass size more than or equal to 3 cm (62.8%), CT bronchus sign (46.5%), hilar and/or mediastinal adenopathy (86.0%), and consolidation (51.2%). The most common bronchoscopic abnormality in patients with BAL positive yield was submucosal lesions (83.3%). The adenocarcinoma (48.8%) and bronchoalveolar carcinoma (11.6%) were the histopathological types having significant BAL positive yield. The most significant predictive factors for BAL positive yield were mediastinal adenopathy, endobronchial lesions, nonvisible lesions, adenocarcinoma type, submucosal lesions, CT bronchus sign, mass size more than or equal to 3 cm, peripheral lesions, and concomitant use of bronchial brushing. BAL had 40.3% sensitivity, 51.7% specificity, 67.4% positive predictive value, 25.9% negative predictive value, and 43.6% diagnostic accuracy in bronchogenic carcinoma. Conclusion BAL increases the positive yield of bronchoscopy by 13.9% with fair diagnostic performance, especially in peripherally locating nonvisible lesions. Although tissue biopsy remains the gold standard sampling, clinicians might rely on BAL cytology for diagnosis of lung cancer in some patients.

The main objective of this research is to assess farmers knowledge level of extension recommendations to produce sugarcane in Luxor governorate. To achieve this objective, it aimed to: (a) Identify knowledge level of sugarcane growers in research zone, (b) Examine the relationship between level of knowledge level for respondents and their characteristics. To achieve the above objectives, a survey was carried out on 306 respondents in three villages in Luxor governorate; a questionnaire form was prepared and distributed among all respondents. The researchers followed up the process of data collection and were able to obtain responses from respondents in the governorate. Percentages, frequency distribution used for data processing and analyses using SPSS program. The results of field research indicated that the respondents had high knowledge level of two process Choose the right soil, And the date and method of planting (77.1٪ and 57.2٪), respectively, While the results showed that the surveyed farmers had an average level of knowledge of the processes of hoeing the cane crop, preparing the land for cultivation, breaking, and supplying the cane crop, and selecting suitable seeds in proportions (83.7٪, 83.4٪, 73.5٪, 51.6٪). Arrangement, While the surveyed farmers had a low level of knowledge of patching the cane crop, fertilizing the cane crop, and irrigating the cane crop with rates (94.1٪, 76.5٪ and 60.5٪), respectively.

Remote sensing represents a significant function in the exploration of minerals. Extraction and identification of mineral occurrences in semi-arid to arid regions are some of the remote sensing confirmed uses. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images have been combined with band ratio processing technique for detecting the fluorite mineral occurrences in the area around Gabal Abu Diyab, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. The proposed band ratio derived from ASTER images Spectra [(b8/b6) * (b5/b3)] can be considered to represent the new Fluorite Index (FI). The USGS Spectral libraries are used to extract the new index and validated it by using the field study. According to the given new Fluorite Index (FI) combined with the field observations, two occurrences of fluorite mineralization at Gabal Homrit Waggat and Gabal Ineigi have been identified. This study provides the proposed FI as a beneficial tool for fluorite exploration that could be applicable along with Arabian Nubian Shield and similar arid and semi-arid environments.