Fishing plays a prominent role in the socioeconomic scope of the Negro River basin and is considered one of the main extractive activities in the region. The objective of this study was to describe the socioeconomic aspects of commercial fishers of edible fish who work in the municipality of Barcelos, in the middle Negro River region, as well as to highlight the scenario of the fishing activity from the point of view of the fishers. The information was collected between January and December 2016 in the municipality of Barcelos, state of Amazonas, via semi-structured questionnaires. Most interviewees were male (71.14%), aged between 18 and 82 years and a mean age of 48 years. With a low level of education, 45.0% had only incomplete elementary education and 15% were illiterate. The fishing tackle most used by fishermen was the gillnet, especially by urban fishermen (70%). Among the fishing sites, the main one was the Demeni River (50%). Commercial fishing for edible fish in Barcelos focused on Characiformes, Perciformes and Siluriformes fish. The main difficulties faced by the activity are related to the seasonality of the level of rivers and local tributaries, as well as the lack of buyers and low selling price of fish, in addition to conflicts over the use of fishing resources. Commercial fishing for edible fish is an activity of great socioeconomic importance for riverside families in the Middle River Negro basin, which needs greater attention from the public authorities. Therefore, it is expected that the information contained in this study can help in the decision-making process for the management of local fisheries resources and contribute to the resumption of growth and sustainability of commercial edible fish fisheries.